1. Quantifying Erodibility of Embankment Materials for the Modeling of Dam Breach Processes To HET or to JET — On Which to Bet? Tony L. Wahl – USBR Gregory J. Hanson – USDA-ARS Pierre-Louis Regazzoni – Ph.D. student, Université de Nantes

2. Background CEATI Dam Breach Erosion project is working to improve embankment dam breach models –Physically-based breach models now under development use quantitative inputs of material erodibility –Cohesive materials are the key to modeling the erosion and breach of most embankments –We are evaluating alternative methods for obtaining required input data

3. Erodibility Testing – Why? Erodibility of cohesive soils is highly variable and depends on many factors: –Density, compaction moisture content, in situ moisture, soil and water chemistry, etc. Predictions of erodibility as function of other soil properties carry high uncertainty Measurements of erodibility are best

4. Erodibility Testing Alternatives Alternative methods for measuring erodibility of cohesive embankment materials –Hole Erosion Test (HET) (piping erosion) –ARS submerged Jet Erosion Test (JET) (scour) –Flume-type tests (e.g., Erosion Function Apparatus, SEDFLUME) –Rotating cylinder test –Many others Methods for measuring erodibility should be practical, robust, and applicable to dam breach flow situations

6. Test specimen after HET ~15mm HET test apparatus Hole Erosion Test – Simulates Piping

8. Hole Erosion Test - History Constant-flow test was developed in 1980s by Lefebvre et al. Constant-head version (HET) by Wan and Fell (2004), with a companion Slot Erosion Test (SET) that used a much larger soil sample HET has best potential for practical application

9. Our HET facilities Head tank Test specimen V-notch weir

10. Hole erosion test procedure Flow at constant head through 6-mm (¼”) hole Head is increased incrementally until erosion occurs –Wan and Fell (2004) used 50-1200 mm heads –Our facilities allow up to 5400 mm head When critical shear stress is exceeded, erosion starts and flow increases exponentially –Applied stress increases as hole enlarges –“Progressive” erosion Initial and final hole diameters are known/measured Flow rate and head are recorded continuously and used to compute hole diameters during test (by applying momentum equation to flow through hole)

12. Using the Results – The I HET index Wan and Fell (2004) proposed Note that index does not depend on  c Primary initial purpose was to identify soils / dams that could pipe rapidly

13. o o Where: Jet Erosion Test (JET)

14. Submergence Tank Sample Point Gage Jet Tube Deflection Plate Lid Laboratory JET Apparatus

15. JET background Developed at USDA-ARS, Stillwater, Okla. Applied to: –Headcut erosion in earthen spillway channels –Headcut erosion during embankment overtopping and breach

16. JET procedure Establish a fixed test head and initial jet distance to obtain desired stress Measure scour beneath jet over time (~2 hrs) –Measurements made manually by point gage at increasing time intervals Applied stress and erosion rate decrease as scour occurs

17. JET Analysis Predict equilibrium scour depth by fitting measured scour data to hyperbolic function –Stress that would be applied at that depth is  c Fit dimensionless time and scour data to theoretical model by Blaisdell to determine k d Fitting is accomplished using Excel Solver utility

18. Research objective Compare JET and HET –Both tests determine a critical shear stress and erosion rate coefficient –Are they the same? –If not, do they correlate? –Which has most potential to meet our needs? Secondary objective: Improve HET test procedures and data analysis

19. HET – Basic Improvements New VB data collection software to provide real-time graphical display of test data Adopted procedures to avoid transitioning from laminar to turbulent flow during a test New spreadsheets to facilitate analysis High-head facility to allow testing of more erosion-resistant soils

20. HET – Friction Factor Wan and Fell assumed friction factor varied linearly with test time This caused calculations to compute increase in hole diameter even when we knew there was no significant erosion –Artifact of presumed change in friction factor

21. HET – Friction Factor Tests Prepared multiple test specimens of a Sandy Lean Clay s(CL) soil Ran tests for varying lengths of time –End of each test represented one intermediate state of a full-length test

22. Results Friction factor is proportional to hole diameter, (Q 2 /S) 1/5 This finding confirmed by Lim (2006)

23. HET – Alternative analysis method Piping erosion model developed by Bonelli et al. (2006) at CEMAGREF showed that dimensionless hole radius is an exponential function of dimensionless time, when the hole is progressively eroding

24. HET – Bonelli Analysis Use Excel Solver to determine value of  c and t er that produces best fit…leads to value for k d This avoids the need to determine the final hole diameter Requires that progressive erosion begin immediately, or we must estimate the hole diameter and shear stress at the time at which progressive erosion begins

26. Summary of HET Improvements Better flow measurement and data collection Improved real-time data collection software –Operator gets better feedback about test progress Better modeling of friction factor Alternative to use Bonelli analysis procedure that does not require measurement of final hole diameter

27. HET / JET comparison Parallel tests on 7 different soils (some in multiple moisture/compaction conditions) CL-ML (Silty Clay) s(CL), CL(s), CL (Lean Clays) CH-CL, CH (Fat Clay) Paired specimens –One tested in JET –One tested in HET

32. JET vs HET Comparison HET produces much lower erosion rates and higher critical stress values Relative erodibility ranking of soils compares reasonably well Correlation between tests is adequate considering variable nature of erodibility What about robustness?

34. Range of Applicability JET – Spans 5.5 orders of magnitude HET – Spans only 2.8 orders of magnitude –The most erosion-resistant soils could not be eroded, even at 5+ meters of head No successful tests with I HET > 5.3 Wan and Fell (2004) assigned class 6 to anything that did not erode at 1200 mm I HET class 6 “soils” may not exist –Weak soils collapse or scour/slake at entrance and exit of hole…confounds analysis No successful tests yielding I HET < 2.5

35. { HET Application Limits

36. Final Observations The HET and JET produce much different quantitative results –Probably due to simplifications of the stress descriptions used in each analysis and inherent differences in erosion mechanisms It seems plausible to develop useful correlations between the two tests

37. Final Observations (continued) HET is much more difficult to perform successfully than the JET, especially with very weak soils (30-50% success) Judgment is often required to complete HET analysis –Proposed subjectivity index for rating test quality

38. Final Observations (continued) High-head HET facility has shown us that even soils with very high critical stresses are not in I HET class 6 I HET class 6 “soils” may not exist JET is more adaptable to broad range of soils and also can be used for in situ testing

39. Final Observations (continued) For future development of erosion models, JET has many advantages For applications in which HET is already being used, this research offers a means for relating JET to HET

40. Questions?

41. Why the Difference? Simplified modeling of shear stresses in each test environment –Entrance and exit turbulence and lack of fully developed flow in HET –JET uses shear stress theory developed for impingement against flat plate Different erosion mechanisms –JET has more opportunity to jack soil blocks out of the exposed planar surface –In HET, soil blocks lining the small-diameter hole are protected from jacking by interlocking with the surrounding soil mass –Different sensitivity to variations in soil fabric or structure

42. Effect of soil fabric

43. Why the Difference (continued)? Different relative importance of different kinds of stress Briaud proposes that erosion may depend fundamentally on three different kinds of stress –Shear stress –Turbulent fluctuations of shear stress –Turbulent fluctuations of normal stress

44. Why the Difference (continued)? Correlating erosion with only the shear stress may be ok if the other two types of stress are also correlated with shear This correlation may exist for varying test heads in one testing environment, but in different environments, relative contributions of each type of stress may be different

45. Principal Types of Erosive Stress? HET JETShear Shear Stress Turbulence Normal Stress Turbulence Shear Shear Stress Turbulence Normal Stress Turbulence