1. A Compare and Contrast Study of Two Banded Snow Storms Part I – January 6 th, 2002.

2. Part I – My presentation A brief review of banded snowstorms January 6 th, 2002 (A classic case?)

3. A mechanism for banded snowstorms (Nicosia and Grumm)

4. Summary Banded snowstorms typically associated with major, deepening cyclones. Bands typically form in an area of mid-level deformation and frontogenesis. Storm-relative flows associated with the storm act to favor slantwise instability in the area of deformation.

5. January 6 th, 2002

6. Water Vapor imagery at 1815 UTC on 1/6/02

7. Water Vapor imagery at 0015 UTC on 1/7/02

8. Composite of base reflectivity 1/6 2050 UTC

9. Composite of base reflectivity 2350 UTC 1/6/02

10. Composite of base reflectivity 0100 UTC 1/7/02

11. Observed snowfall 1/6 – 1/7 2002. Heavy snow

12. Data from the 12z 1/6 run of the Eta – a great forecast But too late????

13. 3 hour QPF from the 00z 1/6 run of the Eta verifying 1/6 21z

14. 3 hr QPF from the 12z 1/6 run of the Eta verifying 1/7 00z

15. 3 hr QPF from the 12z 1/6 run of the Eta verifying 1/7 03z

16. 12 hour QPF from the 12z 1/6 run of the Eta verifying 1/7 06z

17. 12-hr Eta forecast 250 mb ht and wind speed 1/7 00z.

18. 12-hr Eta forecast 500 mb ht and avort 1/7 00z

19. 12 hr Eta forecast 700 mb heights verifying 1/7 00 UTC

20. 12 hour Eta forecast pmsl and 850 mb temperature 1/7 00 UTC.

21. 12 hr Eta forecast 500:400 divergence of Q verifying 1/7 00 UTC.

22. 12 hr Eta forecast 600:500 layer avg RH and omega verifying 1/7 00 UTC

23. 12 hr Eta forecast 800 mb deformation and wind 1/7 00 UTC

24. 12 hr Eta forecast frontogenesis and omega verifying 1/7 00z Snow bands

25. 12 hr Eta forecast frontogenesis and negative EPV 1/7 00 UTC. Snow bands

26. 12 hr Eta Theta-e and geostrophic momentum 1/7 00 UTC. Snow bands

27. 12 hr Eta forecast 700 mb absolute geostrophic vorticity 1/7 00 UTC.

28. 12 hr Eta forecast theta-e and non-geostrophic momentum 1/7 00 UTC.

29. Data from the 00z 1/6 run of the Eta – not so great!

30. 12 hour QPF from the 00z 1/6 run of the Eta verifying 1/7 06z

31. QPF from the 4 non-operational members of the Eta portion of the SREF run at 09z 1/6.

32. Question: Did the earlier model run simulate the structure of the event, with bad placement the only problem? Or was the whole run just out to lunch?

33. 24 hr Eta forecast 500:400 divergence of Q verifying 1/7 00z

34. 24 hr Eta forecast 700 mb omega verifying 1/7 00z

35. 24 hr Eta forecast 800 mb wind and deformation verifying 1/7 00z

36. 24 hr Eta forecast 700 mb heights and absolute vorticity verifying 1/7 00z

37. 24 hr Eta forecast frontogenesis and omega verifying 1/7 00z

38. 24 hr Eta forecast frontogenesis and negative EPV verifying 1/7 00z

39. 24 hr Eta forecast theta-e and geostrophic momentum verifying 1/7 00z

40. Conclusion: The earlier runs forecast similar structures. Errors were mainly in the placement of the key features.

41. Question: Is inertial instability really the key to producing these bands?

42. Explanation 1) Inertial instability in the geostrophic wind field, resulted in horizontal (northward) ageostrophic accelerations, with individual parcels being forced upward along the sloping front zone. These accelerations act to remove the inertial instability in the real wind field. Parcel becomes sub-geostrophic, PGF > Coriolis, parcel accelerates to the north. N S N

43. Another way of looking at it: The air parcel can’t make the sharp anticyclonic turn, so it accelerates down the height gradient. Key: the existence of the sharp, small-scale downstream ridge. 700 mb heights L

44. Explanation 2) The real momentum surfaces of the real atmosphere are not sloping downward, like in the Eta forecast of geostrophic momentum, but are flatter than the Eta forecast of non-geostrophic momentum. Slantwise convection can occur. Theta-e Momentum

45. Summary - January 6 th – “Classic” Aspects A rapidly deepening storm with strong, widespread forcing. Closed cyclonic circulation developed at mid-levels. Banding developed in an area of mid-level frontogenesis and lower to mid-level negative EPV.

46. SUMMARY – January 6 th “Non- Classic” Aspects The system was associated with a compact short- wave located well downstream from the long- wave trough. The atmosphere was not close to gravitationally unstable above the frontal zone. Model forecasts indicated the presence of inertial instability in the geostrophic wind field.

47. Model forecast summary 12z Eta did an outstanding job forecasting the location of the deformation band and resultant qpf. The proceeding 00z Eta was too far southeast with the placement of most key features, resulting in forecast precipitation too far to the southeast. Eta short-range ensemble forecasts indicated some uncertainty during their 09z run, however the final solution was outside the range of solutions on the ensembles.