1. The changing face of waste management and emerging markets Andrew Craig

2. 1990s 1990 Environmental Protection Act 1991 Planning & Compensation Act (waste local plans) Very cheap landfill – but increasing regulation (beginning of end of dilute & disperse) Making Waste Work (1995) Environment Act establishes Environment Agency (1995/6) Aspirational targets (25% recycling not achieved) Waste estimated, not weighed - changes NFFO incentive for EfW Introduction of landfill tax (1996) Beginning of producer responsibility (1997) PPG10 and Regional Technical Advisory Bodies on waste

3. Early 2000s Waste Strategy 2000 Statutory recycling targets (“Best Value”) Waste Incineration Directive (end of the old incinerators) Cabinet Office review establishes WRAP (2002) Regionalisation Landfill Directive and LATS WasteDataFlow PFI for waste (2003)

4. Later 2000s Waste Strategy 2007 Landfill tax escalator National Indicators Renewables Obligation Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation Courtauld Agreement & review of packaging targets Love Food Hate Waste

5. 2010 Onwards New Government, new doctrines “localism” –No more local authority targets? –Regions abolished (RTABs) End of PFI Fiscal deficit (public sector shakedown) Producer Responsibility (more targets for private sector) AD Revised Waste Framework Directive: –Recycling Targets –Other waste streams (C&I, C&D) –End of Waste –“R1” Formula Better information (2010 C&I surveys) Renewable Heat Incentive

6. Landfill tax escalator: 2011/12 £56/tonne 2012/13 £64/tonne 2013/14 £72/tonne 2014/15 £80/tonne floor

7. Possible but unlikely: Landfill bans EU fines for infraction

8. What these drivers will do: “Waste management” & recycling will become less of a local authority issue. Local authorities’ focus will be on public health, public equity – and issues of “General Interest” “Resources management” will become more of a private sector issue, at every level. European and world markets. Private sector organizations will look to resources management to meet their own needs, so: Information and intelligence about waste/resources will be important intellectual property (Supply chains);

10. DEFRA Review of Municipal Waste Component Analyses, 2008

11. Biowaste

13. Biowaste – drivers Renewables Obligation; Renewable Heat Incentive.

15. Overview Of Potential Regional Waste to Bioethanol & Waste to Biomethane Value Chain 15 Waste [(MSW inc food), Industrial, Commercial] Waste wood Collection Logistics e.g. Graphite Resources, Impetus, Veolia, SITA, Biffa Gasification BTL BIOETHANOL (Ineos Bio) H2 (longer term) Separation Autoclaving (Graphite Resources) Farm Waste, Manure, other wastes inc food Anaerobic Digestion (Regional Farms) Anaerobic Digestion (MW Plant Capacity) BIOMETHANE National Grid Digestate Regional Farmers Digestate Regional Farmers Gas Grid Gas Engine H H2 (longer term) Synthetic Fuels Chemicals CHP Transport Fuel Ash to Building Products Liquid Transport Fuel Biogas

16. NE current activity Activity: separation and autoclaving, NIBF demonstrator facility, AD Plant Location: Gateshead, Durham, Tees Valley Lead organisations: Graphite Resources, Premier Waste, CPI, Northumbrian Water NE proposed activity Activity: fuel production, hydrogen production, anaerobic digestion R+D, fuels/chemicals biorefinery, Bio SNG feasibility study. Location: Tees Valley, Cockle Park Lead organisations: Ineos Bio, Air Products,Sembcorp/SITA, CPI (ADDC), Newcastle University (AD), IBS Project c/o NEPIC and NEB, NEPIC Bio SNG. Anaerobic digestion Biogas Combustion Electricity and Heat Pre-treatment e.g. Graphite Resources, Premier Waste Gasification Syngas Fuels e.g. Ineos Bio Chemical Feedstocks e.g. Tees Valley Hydrogen e.g Air Products SNG (NEPIC feasibility study) Organic Residues and Waste Combustion Electricity and Heat Sembcorp/ SITA Wilton 11 NWL Lignocellulosic Crops and Residues Bio Methanol

18. Plastics

20. Plastics – drivers: Producer Responsibility (Packaging Waste) Regulations 1997 (as amended) Future cost of carbon.

21. Total Plastic Packaging based on 2,180,764 tonnes Not recycled 1,663,923 tonnes

23. Estimated 2020 Packaging Levels & Recoup 2020 Recycling Estimates

24. Paper & Card

25. Paper & Card: Drivers: Producer Responsibility (packaging), Industry energy costs

26. Metals

28. Metals – drivers: Producer Responsibility (Packaging Waste) Regulations 1997 (as amended); Industry energy costs.

29. Glass

31. Glass – drivers: Producer Responsibility (Packaging Waste) Regulations 1997 (as amended); Industry energy costs.

32. WEEE

34. WEEE – Drivers: Producer Responsibility (WEEE Directive); Key material/resource security.

36. What these drivers will do: “Waste management” & recycling will become less of a local authority issue. Local authorities’ focus will be on public health, public equity – and issues of “General Interest” “Resources management” will become more of a private sector issue, at every level. European and world markets. Private sector organizations will look to resources management to meet their own needs, so: Information and intelligence about waste/resources will be important intellectual property (Supply chains); Biowastes and, eventually, plastics will become commodities as fossil resources become more expensive and riskier, technologies improve and Government interventions have unintended consequences; Simple, single solutions (landfill, mass burn EfW) will become a thing of the past.

37. The new role of the local authority in resources management Planning Local leadership Joined up closed loops (AD, District Heating)

38. The new role of the local authority in resources management Planning Local leadership Joined up closed loops (AD, District Heating) Partnerships with private sector

39. The new role of the local authority in resources management Planning Local leadership Joined up closed loops (AD, District Heating) Partnerships with private sector Public education

40. The role of the private sector Investment

41. The role of the private sector Investment Shortening value chains Managing carbon – more efficient resources management: –Meet Statutory targets –Reduce carbon/energy costs Partnerships with local authorities

42. The role of the private sector Investment Shortening value chains Managing carbon – more efficient resources management: –Meet Statutory targets –Reduce carbon/energy costs Partnerships with local authorities Public education

43. The role of the private sector Investment Shortening value chains Managing carbon – more efficient resources management: –Meet Statutory targets –Reduce carbon/energy costs Partnerships with local authorities Public education

44. The role of the private sector Investment Shortening value chains Managing carbon – more efficient resources management: –Meet Statutory targets –Reduce carbon/energy costs Partnerships with local authorities Public education

45. Building Critical Mass in North East England Building Critical Mass in NE England