1. Indigenous Movements & Mobilization
Ecuador and Bolivia

2. Ecuador: Naciones y Pueblos
Highlands
Quichua nationality (95% of indigenous pop.)
16 pueblos
Amazon
10 nationalities (ethno-linguistic groups)
Coast
6 nationalities

3. Bolivian Indigenous Groups
Aymara (25% pop.)
Altiplano (high plains)
Ayullus
Quechua (30% pop.)
Temperate valleys – Cochabamba
Historically greater subordination to haciendas
Amazonian Peoples
30 ethno-linguistic groups
Sustained contact with outside world only in 20th century

4. Evolution of Indigenous Movement & Political Organizations
1970s – Emergence of Indigenous Organizations & Discourses
Katarista Movement, Bolivia
CSUTCB – National Campesino Union, Bolivia
Regional indigenous organizations, Ecuador
1980s – Unity in Ecuador; Failure of Indigenous Discourse to Transcend in Bolivia
Katarista Political Parties, Bolivia
CONAIE – Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador
1990s – National & International Actors; Incursion into Formal Politics
1990 – Indigenous uprising, Ecuador
1992 – First Continental Encounter of Indian Peoples, Quito
1994 – Uprising against neoliberal agricultural law, Ecuador
1996 – Pachakutik Ecuador & ASP/MAS in Bolivia
1997 – Constitutional Assembly - Ecuador

5. Concept of Plurinationality As Quoted in CONAIE’s Political Project
The oppression, exploitation and discrimination of the Indigenous Nationalities and Peoples has impeded Ecuador’s consolidation as a nation-state. The undeniable existence of various Indigenous Nationalities and Peoples, understood as socio- cultural entities, that are fully constituted socio- economically and politically; who share similar spiritual, linguistic, historical and cultural identities which differentiate us from other groups, is the essence and foundation of Plurinationality. That is why the new State must begin from the recognition of diversity as the basis of its structures.

6. Elements of Plurinationalism
Self-determination,
Celebration of diversity
Anti-discrimination & affirmative action
Redistribution of resources
Share decision over natural resources
Territories with equal status as traditional state divisions
Ethnic quotas & representation in the state

7. Interculturality
Right to differentness & diversity, but more emphasis on unity & living together
Inclusion & equality over autonomy
Anti-discrimination & affirmative action

8. The Indigenous Movement & Correa’s Citizen Revolution
DINEIB – removal of indigenous organizational control over bi-lingual education & other gov’t agencies
Water & mining laws – source of conflict

9. Racism in Bolivia

10. Indigenous Autonomies in Bolivia
Article 1:
“Bolivia is a united, plurinational, communitarian state, which is free, independent, sovereign, democratic, intercultural, decentralized and with territorial autonomies [municipal, departmental, regional, and indigenous], based on plurality and political, economic, judicial, cultural and linguistic pluralism.”
Article 278:
Indigenous assemblymen will be “elected by the indigenous, original, peasant nations and peoples according to their own norms and procedures.”