1. MANAGING PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

2. Managing Production Systems –A project should be worked  Within schedule  Within budget  And safely –Management has to use the seven resources properly –The ways manufacturing and construction projects are managed are very much alike

3. Construction Project  Architects –Work for the owner –Choose the shape and form of the building and the materials –Look for the effects of the building on the surrounding area --- view, shadow  Engineers –Make sure that the building is structurally sound –Decide the size of the columns and beams –Often use computer aided design –They design the major systems of utilities as  Electrical system  HVAC system  Fire detection system  Plumbing system  Specialists –Some specialists work for the owner security and communication systems

4. Construction Project  Contractors –Very small projects may be managed by the owner –A general contractor takes the overall responsibility for a construction project --- materials planning, scheduling –A contract is a written agreement b/w the owner and the general contractor –The contract includes  Time for completion  Payments and their procedures  Responsibility in case of accidents  Penalties if the job is not finished on time –A general contractor may have its own employees or he can hire subcontractor companies like  Plumbing  Masonry  Carpentry –A subcontract is an agreement b/w a general contractor and a subcontractor

5. Construction Project  Contractors –Contract extras are the extra payments that will have to be paid to the contractor in case there are any changes in project details. –Cost overruns is the cost of poor management or the cost of making frequent changes in the design  Project Managers –It is a separate company used on a very large project –This company oversees the contracts, scheduling, material deliveries and overall progress of the job –They arrange the work of subcontractors so that the work progresses smoothly –They hold meetings with all subcontractors to have a plan of work --- coordination –Unions are the labor organizations that work with companies to set pay and working conditions for their workers –Jurisdiction is a carefully described part of the work for the members of a union

6. Scheduling and Project Tracking –Gantt chart is a kind of bar graph that shows when a particular kind of work is to start and when it is to be finished –Owner, architect, engineers, project managers, general contractor, and some of the specialists hold project meetings –Minutes are the written notes that record everything important that happens at the meeting –An action plan is a problem that cannot be solved during the meeting

8. Permits and Approvals –Necessary for the workers and the people living in the surrounding area --- digging, pedestrians etc –They also protect the health and safety of the people who will later occupy the building –The builder must also have the approval of the planning and zoning board –A community’s zoning is its master plan for how land is to be used –Life safety plans in commercial buildings tell how stairways, exit doors from all areas will protect people in case of any emergency –Elevators, fire detectors, fire suppressors (e.g. sprinklers) are tested when a building is almost finished –A building may not be occupied until the local building department issues a Certificate of Occupancy (CO) –Regular inspections (fire, elevator, health) required by law must be done