1. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Core 5 Programme Green Radio – Sustainable Wireless Networks February 2009 Simon Fletcher NEC Industrial Steering Group Chair for Green Radio

2. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Presentation Overview The Business Case for Green Radio Defining the Green Radio Objectives The Programme Organisation Highlights of the Research Areas Key Deliverables Conclusions

3. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Why Green Radio? Operator & Manufacturer Perspective Increasing energy costs with higher base station site density and energy price trends A typical UK mobile network consumes 40MW Overall this is a small % of total UK energy consumption, but with huge potential to save energy in other industries Energy cost and grid availability limit growth in emerging markets (high costs for diesel generators) Corporate Responsibility targets set to reduce carbon emissions and environmental impacts of networks Vodafone 1 - “Group target to reduce CO 2 emissions by 50% by 2020, from 2006/07 levels” Orange 2 : “Reduce our greenhouse emissions per customer by 20% between 2006 and 2020” 1. http://www.vodafone.com/etc/medialib/attachments/cr_downloads.Par.25114.File.tmp/CR%20REPORT_UK-FINAL%20ONLINE_180908_V6.pdfhttp://www.vodafone.com/etc/medialib/attachments/cr_downloads.Par.25114.File.tmp/CR%20REPORT_UK-FINAL%20ONLINE_180908_V6.pdf 2. http://www.orange.com/en_EN/tools/boxes/documents/att00005072/CSR_report_2007.pdfhttp://www.orange.com/en_EN/tools/boxes/documents/att00005072/CSR_report_2007.pdf

4. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Where is the Energy Used? For the operator, 57% of electricity use is in radio access Operating electricity is the dominant energy requirement at base stations For user devices, most of the energy used is due to manufacturing 9kg CO2 4.3kg CO2 2.6kg CO2 8.1kg CO2 Mobile CO2 emissions per subscriber per year 3 Operation Embodied energy Base station 3. Tomas Edler, Green Base Stations – How to Minimize CO2 Emission in Operator Networks, Ericsson, Bath Base Station Conference 2008

5. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Energy use cannot follow traffic growth without significant increase in energy consumption Must reduce energy use per data bit carried Number of base stations increasing Operating power per cell must reduce Green radio is a key enabler for growth in cellular whilst guarding against increased environmental impact Green Radio as an Enabler Costs Time Voice Data Revenue Traffic Diverging expectations for traffic and revenue growth Trends: Exponential growth in data traffic Number of base stations / area increasing for higher capacity Revenue growth constrained and dependent on new services Traffic / revenue curve from “The Mobile Broadband Vision - How to make LTE a success”, Frank Meywerk, Senior Vice President Radio Networks, T-Mobile Germany, LTE World Summit, November 2008, London

6. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE 2020 Vision Paper – The Challenge  The Visions Group comprising global thoughts leaders in the industry articulated the need…. “Arguably what is needed are wireless access systems that can support multimedia service data rates at two or three orders of magnitude lower transmission power than currently used. Performance of today’s radio access technologies is in fact already approaching the Shannon Bound – such an advance will not come simply from more traditional research on single aspects of the physical layer, but will require holistic, system-wide, breakthrough thinking that challenges basic assumptions” Mobile VCE consultation paper, “2020 Vision – Enabling the Digital Future” Dec’07  Mobile VCE Green Radio programme formulated to: Take forward existing research Take an international lead in this field

7. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE The Industrial Leadership Team Chairman Simon Fletcher NEC Deputy Chairman Andy Jeffries Nortel Industry Steering Group – participants so far… Deputy Chairman David Lister Vodafone

8. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Green Radio Scenarios Two Market Profiles: 1.Developed World Developed Infrastructure Saturated Markets Quality of Service Key Drive to Reduce Costs 2.Emerging Markets Less Established Infrastructure Rapidly Expanding Markets Large Geographical Areas Often no mains power supply – power consumption a major issue Green Radio ‘Book of Assumptions’: Defines cellular, enterprise & home scenarios To galvanise targeted innovations

9. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Academic Leadership Team Prof. Joe McGeehan Dr. Simon Armour Dr. Kevin Morris Prof. Hamid Aghvami Dr. Mohammad Reza Nakhai Dr. Vasilis Friderikos Prof. Steve McLaughlin (Academic Co-ordinator) Dr. John Thompson Dr. Dave Laurenson Prof. Tim O'Farrell Dr. Pavel Loskot Dr. Jianhua He

10. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Green Radio Programme Organisation Industry Steering Group Flexible Networks Program 2 Work Packages - 48 Man Years GR2: Techniques 2 RAs, 7 PhDs To identify the best radio techniques across all layers of the protocol stack that collectively achieve 100x power reduction GR1: Architecture 2 RAs, 5 PhDs To identify a green network architecture - a low power wireless network & backhaul that still provides good quality of service Energy Focus Group

11. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Target Innovations: Architecture Establishing Baselines To develop a clear understanding of energy consumption in current networks and the network elements, base sites, mobiles, etc for the scenarios defined in the Book of Assumptions Backhaul Options To determine the best backhaul strategy for a given architecture Deployment Scenarios To determine what is the optimum deployment scenario for a wide area network given a clearly defined energy efficiency metric

12. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Target Innovations: Techniques Overall Base Station Efficiency Techniques to deliver significant improvements in overall efficiency for base stations, measured as RF power out to total input power Improving the QoS/RF Power Ratio Techniques that will reduce the required RF output power required from the base station whilst still maintaining the required QoS Optimization of a Limited Energy Budget Given a base station nominal daily energy requirement derived from renewable energy sources (eg 2.4 kWh - 100W x 24hrs) to determine how this would be best used for communication Scaling of Energy Needs with Traffic Sleep mechanisms that deliver substantial reduction in power consumption for base stations with no loads and techniques that allow power consumption to scale with load

13. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Architecture: Technical Approach Energy Metrics & Models Primary and derived energy metrics to accurately quantify consumption Communications energy consumption models for the radio access network (RAN) architecture Energy Efficient Architectures For RAN technology, compare large versus small cell deployment Placement of relay nodes Efficient backhaul in support of identified architectures Multihop Routing Bounding energy requirements by strict end-to-end QoS Exploiting delay tolerant applications and user mobility for energy reduction Frequency Management Identification of energy efficient co-operative physical layer architecture using emerging information theory ideas to remove interference Applying Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) to minimize energy consumption by utilising bands with low interference Solar-powered relaying allocating resources to match combined traffic and weather patterns

14. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Architecture: Energy Efficiency Analysis Process MacroMicroPicoFemto RRM BER/FER vs Eb/No Link Budget Mobility/Traffic Models Packet scheduling, handover, power control, load control Differentiated QoS, fast fading effects, UE speed, MIMO Energy consumption is proportional to distance UE movement, traffic types & mixes Step1: Large vs. small cells applying the energy metrics Step2 : overlay Source & Network Coding and/or Cooperative Networking Step3 : Evaluate from the following perspectives…….

15. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Applying Network Element Deployment Perspective Wide scope: Macro-cells, relays, backhaul, WLAN Consideration of Embodied Energy is required.

16. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Techniques: Power Efficient Hardware Base station efficiency Climate control 65% Power supply 85% PA / transceiver 15% Feeder cables 50% Advanced base station architectures Multi-mode and multi-standard Maximise equipment and base station re-use Integration allows energy reductions Masthead electronics to avoid cable losses Target > 20% overall efficiency Advanced power amplifier techniques Target: > 60% PA efficiency Develop envelope tracking method Hardware Integration & Advanced PA Techniques Baseline overall efficiency 4% Integrated remote radio antenna Masthead PA eliminates feeder loss Integration avoids interconnect losses Passive thermal cooling

17. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Techniques: DSP and Radio Resource Management Interference Minimisation and Cancellation Making transmissions more robust to interference to reduce required transmit power levels Peer-to-peer communications between terminals can be exploited to share information about signals and interference to improve decoding and suppress interference RRM Techniques for Lower Power Consumption Maximising power efficient utilisation of LTE RBS co-operation and collaboration support. Robust Measurement reporting, Radio Bearer Configuration, Packet Scheduling, handover and Power and Load Control for energy efficient delivery Novel Approaches Network coding Application of Sensor network techniques, cross layer approaches grounded in Standards (LTE, WiMAX)

18. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Green Radio Deliverables Year 1 Workshop to discuss architecture metrics and promising techniques for power reduction Executive Summary on energy and power efficiency metrics and tradeoffs Year 2 Poster day to present key results to date Reports on efficiency gains Year 3 Reports on Programme achievements for both Architectures and Techniques Work Packages Executive summaries of all key outputs from the Programme

19. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Programme Processes to Secure Value to Industrial Members  Monthly Co-ordination Steering Group (CSG) meetings Progress management (deliverables, patents, publications) Internal and outreach event oganisation  Quarterly Technical Steering Group (TSG) meetings Meetings at which all Industrials have the opportunity to engage with the Researchers in the detail of their research and get an overview of the latest technical output of the Programme  Interdependent approach facilitated by well established MVCE processes with enhancements for Core 5 Encouraging exploration of synergies with Flexible Networks. Both programmes contain activities in… Network coding, routing, adaptive and self-organising techniques Webex – Internet-based interactions between Researchers and Industrials, especially valuable for overseas-based industrials WiKi - promoting high awareness of leading edge of key radio access standards LTE(-Advanced), and 802.16 (WiMAX), 802.11 (WiFi) and leading edge green technologies through the use of a WiKi knowledge base Industrial Energy Focus Group leading the embodied energy debate

20. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Energy Focus Group Concept  Terms of Reference Initially tightly coupled to Architecture Research Group Evolution of targeted questions Analysis abstraction for realistic industrial application What ‘energy’ metrics do we use to ensure realistic configurations & architectures result Problem Abstraction Relate to Real World Metrics / Optimisation Real World TargetedQuestions Book of Assumptions Metrics Real World System Parameters Evaluation Approach Architecture Study Real World Costs Real World Metrics Real World Constraints Energy Focus Group

21. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Dates for the Diary  For our Members and Researchers Industry Steering Group TSG#2: 2 nd April at Bristol University Education Day: 30 th April at Orange Labs, Chiswick To brief the researchers on the state of the art in industry and bring everyone up to speed on the Programme. Industry Steering Group TSG#3: 2 nd July at Kings College London Metrics Workshop: 9 th Sept at Swansea University Review meeting for a key deliverable from the Architecture Research, all are welcome. Industry Steering Group TSG#4: 1 st October - University of Edinburgh  Outreach Events Event prior to WWRF: 4 th May at FT-Orange, Paris Support for Femto Forum Research Day: Aligned with the Femtocells World Summit, June 23rd - 25 th, London Discussions ongoing with the Femtoforum.

22. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Conclusions Green technologies relevance to business and politics will only continue to increase, Green Radio offers timely Industry driven research. Green Radio is a 48 man year programme run over 3 years that offers… An in-depth and systematic study of architecture issues to identify trade-offs in energy efficient network design Evaluation of Techniques across the protocol stack to select most promising approaches to reduce power. Green Radio will provide insights of value to… Operators considering the impact of Green for future networks deployments Equipment Vendors for identification of key techniques enabling green solutions.

23. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Join the Team Strong contributions from Industrials in the areas of Embodied Energy and baseline assumptions have already been received and are much appreciated If there are people in your organisations that are working in related areas please make them aware of these MVCE activities and help facilitate good information distribution within your organisations We always welcome input and active participation from our industrial members to help shape the relevance and reach out to other Research and Industrial organisations

24. www.mobilevce.com © 2009 Mobile VCE Thank you ! For further information on this presentation please contact: Simon Fletcher E-mail: Simon.Fletcher@EU.NEC.COM Tel:+44 1372 381824 Further information on mVCE contact: Dr Walter Tuttlebee, E-mail:walter.tuttlebee@mobilevce.com Tel:+44 1256 338604 WWW:www.mobilevce.com