1. Chapter Review Answers
Inside Earth Test
Chapter Review Answers

2. Reviewing Key Terms
1. The relatively soft layer of the upper mantle is the
A. Asthenosphere
B. Lithosphere
C. Inner core
D. Continental crust

3. Reviewing Key Terms
1. The relatively soft layer of the upper mantle is the
A. Asthenosphere
B. Lithosphere
C. Inner core
D. Continental crust

4. Reviewing Key Terms 4. The process that powers plate tectonics is
A. Radiation
B. Convection
C. Conduction
D. Subduction

5. Reviewing Key Terms 4. The process that powers plate tectonics is
A. Radiation
B. Convection
C. Conduction
D. Subduction

6. Reviewing Key Terms 5. Two plates collide with each other at
A. A divergent boundary
B. A convergent boundary
C. The boundary between the mantle and the crust
D. A transform boundary

7. Reviewing Key Terms 5. Two plates collide with each other at
A. A divergent boundary
B. A convergent boundary
C. The boundary between the mantle and the crust
D. A transform boundary

8. Reviewing Key Terms
6. Continental crust is made of rocks such as granite.

9. Reviewing Key Terms
6. Continental crust is made of rocks such as granite.
True

10. Reviewing Key Terms
10. When two continental plates diverge, a transform boundary forms.

11. Reviewing Key Terms
10. When two continental plates diverge, a transform boundary forms.
Rift valley

12. Checking Concepts
11. What kinds of indirect evidence do geologists use to study the structure of Earth?

13. Checking Concepts
11. What kinds of indirect evidence do geologists use to study the structure of Earth?
Geologists study rocks from Earth's mantle and deep crust and the speeds and directions of seismic waves.

14. Checking Concepts
12. How do temperature and pressure change as you go deeper into Earth?

15. Checking Concepts
12. How do temperature and pressure change as you go deeper into Earth?
They both increase

16. Thinking Critically
17. How are oceanic and continental crust alike? How do they differ?

17. Thinking Critically
17. How are oceanic and continental crust alike? How do they differ?
Both continental crust and oceanic crust are parts of Earth's outer layer. Continental crust consists mainly of less dense rocks such as granite, whereas oceanic crust consists mainly of denser rock such as basalt. Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust.

18. Thinking Critically
18. Place these terms in correct order so they begin at Earth's surface and move toward the center: inner core, asthenosphere, lower mantle, lithosphere, outer core.

19. Thinking Critically
18. Place these terms in correct order so they begin at Earth's surface and move toward the center: inner core, asthenosphere, lower mantle, lithosphere, outer core.
Lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle, outer core, inner core

20. Thinking Critically
19. In the diagram, a plate of oceanic crust is colliding with a plate of continental crust. What will happen next? Why?

21. Thinking Critically
19. In the diagram, a plate of oceanic crust is colliding with a plate of continental crust. What will happen next? Why?
A subduction zone forms. The oceanic crust is more dense and therefore slides under the continental crust.

22. Applying Skills
23. In what direction is the part of the plate carrying Australia moving? In what direction is the part carrying India moving?

23. Applying Skills
23. In what direction is the part of the plate carrying Australia moving? In what direction is the part carrying India moving?
The part carrying Australia is moving to the northeast. The part carrying India is moving to the north.

24. Applying Skills
24. As India and Australia move in different directions, what type of plate boundary will form between them?

25. Applying Skills
24. As India and Australia move in different directions, what type of plate boundary will form between them?
Because the plates are moving in different directions, a divergent boundary will form between them.

26. Applying Skills
25. What features could occur when the northern part of the Indo-Australian plate is colliding with the Eurasian plate?

27. Applying Skills
25. What features could occur when the northern part of the Indo-Australian plate is colliding with the Eurasian plate?
This is a convergent plate boundary where two plates made of continental crust are colliding. When the plates converge, the collision squeezes the crust into mountain ranges.

28. Reviewing Key Terms
1. The force that causes part of the crust to become shorter and thicker is
A. Tension
B. Compression
C. Shearing
D. Normal Force

29. Reviewing Key Terms
1. The force that causes part of the crust to become shorter and thicker is
A. Tension
B. Compression
C. Shearing
D. Normal Force

30. Reviewing Key Terms
2. When the hanging wall of a fault slips down with respect to the footwall, the result is
A. Reverse fault
B. Syncline
C. Normal Fault
D. Strike-Slip Fault

31. Reviewing Key Terms
2. When the hanging wall of a fault slips down with respect to the footwall, the result is
A. Reverse fault
B. Syncline
C. Normal Fault
D. Strike-Slip Fault

32. Reviewing Key Terms
3. Which of the following is a rating of earthquake damage at a particular location?
A. Moment magnitude scale
B. Focus scale
C. Mercalli scale
D. Richter scale

33. Reviewing Key Terms
3. Which of the following is a rating of earthquake damage at a particular location?
A. Moment magnitude scale
B. Focus scale
C. Mercalli scale
D. Richter scale

34. Reviewing Key Terms 4. The largest waves on a seismogram are
A. P waves
B. S waves
C. Surface waves
D. Tsunamis

35. Reviewing Key Terms 4. The largest waves on a seismogram are
A. P waves
B. S waves
C. Surface waves
D. Tsunamis

36. Reviewing Key Terms
7. Rock uplifted by normal faults creates fault- block mountains.

37. Reviewing Key Terms
7. Rock uplifted by normal faults creates fault- block mountains.
True

38. Reviewing Key Terms
8. An earthquake's epicenter is located deep underground.

39. Reviewing Key Terms
8. An earthquake's epicenter is located deep underground.
Focus

40. Reviewing Key Terms
9. As S waves move through the ground, they cause it to compress and then expand.

41. Reviewing Key Terms
9. As S waves move through the ground, they cause it to compress and then expand.
P Waves

42. Reviewing Key Terms
10. Tsunamis are triggered by earthquakes originating beneath the ocean floor.

43. Reviewing Key Terms
10. Tsunamis are triggered by earthquakes originating beneath the ocean floor.
True

44. Checking Concepts
11. What process causes stress in Earth's crust?

45. Checking Concepts 11. What process causes stress in Earth's crust?
Stress causes changes in the crust's volume or shape through compression, tension, and shearing.

46. Checking Concepts
12. Explain how a fault-block mountain forms.

47. Checking Concepts 12. Explain how a fault-block mountain forms.
Where two plates move away from each other, tension forces may create normal faults. When two normal faults form parallel to each other, a block of rock is left lying between them. As the hanging wall of each normal fault slips downward, the block in between moves upward, forming a fault-block mountain.

48. Checking Concepts
13. What type of stress in the crust results in the formation of folded mountains? Explain.

49. Checking Concepts
13. What type of stress in the crust results in the formation of folded mountains? Explain.
Compression forms folded mountains. Compression shortens and thickens the crust so that it bends slowly without breaking. If the fold bends upward into an arch, the fold is called an anticline. If the fold bends downward to form a bowl, the fold is called a syncline.

50. Checking Concepts
14. What are plateaus and how do they form?

51. Checking Concepts 14. What are plateaus and how do they form?
A plateau is a large area of flat land that is elevated high above sea level. A plateau may form when vertical faults push up a large, flat block of rock.

52. Checking Concepts
15. Describe what happens along a fault beneath Earth's surface when an earthquake occurs?

53. Checking Concepts
15. Describe what happens along a fault beneath Earth's surface when an earthquake occurs?
An earthquake occurs when rock along a fault suddenly breaks at a point beneath the surface called the focus. This break releases the stress stored in the rock as seismic waves. The seismic waves travel outward from the focus in all directions. They reach the surface at the epicenter.

54. Thinking Critically
19. Look at the diagram. Describe how the hanging wall moves in relation to the footwall. What kind of fault is this?

55. Thinking Critically
19. Look at the diagram. Describe how the hanging wall moves in relation to the footwall. What kind of fault is this?
-The hanging wall moves upward in relation to the footwall. It is a reverse fault.

56. Thinking Critically
20. A geologist has data about an earthquake from two seismographic stations. Is this enough information to determine the location of the epicenter? Why or why not?

57. Thinking Critically
20. A geologist has data about an earthquake from two seismographic stations. Is this enough information to determine the location of the epicenter? Why or why not?
No, this is not enough information because two circles will show two intersecting points. A third circle is needed to pinpoint one location.

58. Thinking Critically
21. A community has just built a street across a strike-slip fault that has frequent earthquakes. How will movement along the fault affect the street?

59. Thinking Critically
21. A community has just built a street across a strike-slip fault that has frequent earthquakes. How will movement along the fault affect the street?
The street will break where it crosses the fault, and the two sides will be moved horizontally in opposite directions.

60. Thinking Critically
22. How can filled land and loose, soft soil affect the amount of damage caused by an earthquake?

61. Thinking Critically
22. How can filled land and loose, soft soil affect the amount of damage caused by an earthquake?
In general, filled land and loose, soft soil increase the amount of damage caused by an earthquake. During an earthquake, the loosely packed soil of the filled land shakes more violently than the surrounding rock.

62. Applying Skills
23. In what order did the seismic waves arrive at the seismograph station?

63. Applying Skills
23. In what order did the seismic waves arrive at the seismograph station?
-P waves arrive first, then S waves, and finally surface waves

64. Applying Skills
24. Which type of seismic wave produced the largest ground movement?

65. Applying Skills
24. Which type of seismic wave produced the largest ground movement?
-Surface waves produce the largest ground movement

66. Applying Skills
25. What was the difference in arrival times for the P waves and S waves?

67. Applying Skills
25. What was the difference in arrival times for the P waves and S waves?
-The difference in arrival times was approximately 1 minute and 50 seconds

68. Applying Skills
26. What would the seismogram look like several hours after this earthquake? How would it change if an aftershock occurred?

69. Applying Skills
26. What would the seismogram look like several hours after this earthquake? How would it change if an aftershock occurred?
-The up-and-down spikes of the waves would be much less jagged, perhaps creating almost a straight line. If an aftershock occurred, the spikes would resume.

70. Standardized Test Prep
1. Stress will build until an earthquake occurs if friction along a fault is
A. Decreasing
B. High
C. Low
D. Changed to heat

71. Standardized Test Prep
1. Stress will build until an earthquake occurs if friction along a fault is
A. Decreasing
B. High
C. Low
D. Changed to heat

72. Standardized Test Prep
2. To estimate the total energy released by an earthquake, a geologist should use the
F. Mercalli scale
G. Richter scale
H. Epicenter
J. Moment magnitude scale

73. Standardized Test Prep
2. To estimate the total energy released by an earthquake, a geologist should use the
F. Mercalli scale
G. Richter scale
H. Epicenter
J. Moment magnitude scale

74. Standardized Test Prep
3. In the diagram, the epicenter is located at point
A. Q
B. P
C. R
D. S

75. Standardized Test Prep
3. In the diagram, the epicenter is located at point
A. Q
B. P
C. R
D. S

76. Standardized Test Prep
4. When an earthquake occurs, seismic waves travel
F. From P in all directions
G. From R to S
H. From S in all directions
J. From Q to P

77. Standardized Test Prep
4. When an earthquake occurs, seismic waves travel
F. From P in all directions
G. From R to S
H. From S in all directions
J. From Q to P

78. Standardized Test Prep
5. At point R, seismic waves from an earthquake would be
A. Weaker than at P
B. Likely to cause little damage
C. Weaker than at Q
D. Likely to cause the most damage

79. Standardized Test Prep
5. At point R, seismic waves from an earthquake would be
A. Weaker than at P
B. Likely to cause little damage
C. Weaker than at Q
D. Likely to cause the most damage

80. Standardized Test Prep
6. Explain the process that forms a strike-slip fault and leads to an earthquake along the fault. In your answer, discuss the force that causes stress in Earth's crust, the type of stress that produces a strike-slip fault, the characteristics of a strike-slip fault, and what happens before and during the earthquake.

81. Standardized Test Prep
6. Explain the process that forms a strike-slip fault and leads to an earthquake along the fault. In your answer, discuss the force that causes stress in Earth's crust, the type of stress that produces a strike-slip fault, the characteristics of a strike-slip fault, and what happens before and during the earthquake.
Strike-slip faults occur at points where plates slide past each other sideways. The movement is caused by stress that builds up in Earth's crust from plate movements. Strike-slip faults are caused by shearing stress that builds up. When enough stress builds up, the rock breaks and the plates slide quickly past each other, causing an earthquake.

82. Reviewing Key Terms
1. Volcanoes found where two oceanic plates collide form a(n)
A. Cinder cone
B. Island arc
C. Hot spot
D. Ring of Fire

83. Reviewing Key Terms
1. Volcanoes found where two oceanic plates collide form a(n)
A. Cinder cone
B. Island arc
C. Hot spot
D. Ring of Fire

84. Reviewing Key Terms 2. Magma becomes lava when it reaches a volcano's
A. Geyser
B. Magma chamber
C. Pipe
D. Vent

85. Reviewing Key Terms 2. Magma becomes lava when it reaches a volcano's
A. Geyser
B. Magma chamber
C. Pipe
D. Vent

86. Reviewing Key Terms
3. Lava that forms smooth, ropelike coils when it hardens is called
A. Aa
B. Silica
C. Pahoehoe
D. Pyroclastic flow

87. Reviewing Key Terms
3. Lava that forms smooth, ropelike coils when it hardens is called
A. Aa
B. Silica
C. Pahoehoe
D. Pyroclastic flow

88. Reviewing Key Terms
4. A volcanic mountain made up of volcanic ash, cinders, and bombs is called a
A. Shield volcano
B. Cinder cone
C. Composite volcano
D. Caldera

89. Reviewing Key Terms
4. A volcanic mountain made up of volcanic ash, cinders, and bombs is called a
A. Shield volcano
B. Cinder cone
C. Composite volcano
D. Caldera

90. Reviewing Key Terms
5. The collapse of a volcano's magma chamber may produce a(n)
A. Crater
B. Island arc
C. Caldera
D. Batholith

91. Reviewing Key Terms
5. The collapse of a volcano's magma chamber may produce a(n)
A. Crater
B. Island arc
C. Caldera
D. Batholith

92. Reviewing Key Terms
6. Lava that cuts across rock layers hardens to form a feature called a
A. Dike
B. Caldera
C. Volcanic Neck
D. Sill

93. Reviewing Key Terms
6. Lava that cuts across rock layers hardens to form a feature called a
A. Dike
B. Caldera
C. Volcanic Neck
D. Sill

94. Reviewing Key Terms
7. When magma heats underground water, the result may be a
A. Lava flow
B. Vent
C. Hot spot
D. Hot spring

95. Reviewing Key Terms
7. When magma heats underground water, the result may be a
A. Lava flow
B. Vent
C. Hot spot
D. Hot spring

96. Checking Concepts
8. What is the Ring of Fire?

97. Checking Concepts 8. What is the Ring of Fire?
The Ring of Fire is a volcanic belt formed by volcanoes that rim the Pacific Ocean.

98. Checking Concepts
9. What process causes volcanoes to form along the mid-ocean ridge?

99. Checking Concepts
9. What process causes volcanoes to form along the mid-ocean ridge?
The mid-ocean ridge marks a diverging plate boundary, and lava erupts from cracks in the ocean floor.

100. Checking Concepts
10. What are two ways volcanoes can form near converging plate boundaries?

101. Checking Concepts
10. What are two ways volcanoes can form near converging plate boundaries?
An oceanic plate can sink beneath another oceanic plate, or an oceanic plate can sink beneath a continental plate.

102. Checking Concepts
11. What effect does temperature have on the characteristic of magma?

103. Checking Concepts
11. What effect does temperature have on the characteristic of magma?
As temperature increases, the viscosity of magma decreases, so the magma flows more easily.

104. Checking Concepts
12. How does a shield volcano form?

105. Checking Concepts 12. How does a shield volcano form?
A shield volcano forms when lava repeatedly flows out of a fissure (crack in the ground) and cools to form layers. A gently sloping mountain gradually forms.

106. Checking Concepts
13. Describe the three stages in the “life cycle” of a volcano.

107. Checking Concepts
13. Describe the three stages in the “life cycle” of a volcano.
An active volcano is one that has erupted in the recent past and that is likely to erupt in the near future.
A dormant volcano is one that is currently inactive but someday become active again.
An extinct, or dead, volcano is unlikely to erupt again.

108. Checking Concepts
14. Why can earthquakes be a warning sign that an eruption is about to happen?

109. Checking Concepts
14. Why can earthquakes be a warning sign that an eruption is about to happen?
Many small earthquakes can occur in the area around a volcano before it erupts. These quakes are triggered by movement of magma into the magma chamber and through the pipe.

110. Checking Concepts
15. How do hot springs form?

111. Checking Concepts 15. How do hot springs form?
Hot springs form when water heated by magma or hot rock rises to the surface. A geyser forms when hot water and steam suddenly erupt from a fracture in the rock.

112. Applying Skills
21. What is this volcano made of? How do geologists classify a volcano made of these materials?

113. Applying Skills
21. What is this volcano made of? How do geologists classify a volcano made of these materials?
This volcano is made of ash and lava. Geologists classify it as a composite volcano.

114. Applying Skills
22. What is the feature labeled A in the diagram? What is the feature labeled B? How do these features form?

115. Applying Skills
22. What is the feature labeled A in the diagram? What is the feature labeled B? How do these features form?
A is a sill. B is a dike. A sill forms when magma moves between rock layers and cools. A dike forms when magma forces its way across rock layers and cools.

116. Applying Skills
23. What is the feature labeled C in the diagram? If this feature becomes plugged with hardened magma, what could happen to the volcano? Explain.

117. Applying Skills
23. What is the feature labeled C in the diagram? If this feature becomes plugged with hardened magma, what could happen to the volcano? Explain.
C is a volcanic pipe. If additional magma enters the volcano, an explosive eruption might occur.

118. Applying Skills
24. What is the feature labeled D in the diagram? What can you infer about this feature if the volcano becomes dormant?

119. Applying Skills
24. What is the feature labeled D in the diagram? What can you infer about this feature if the volcano becomes dormant?
D is magma chamber. If the volcano becomes dormant, the magma chamber must be empty.

120. Standardized Test Prep
1. A composite volcano is most likely to form
A. Above a hot spot
B. Where an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate
C. Along a mid-ocean ridge
D. Along a rift valley

121. Standardized Test Prep
1. A composite volcano is most likely to form
A. Above a hot spot
B. Where an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate
C. Along a mid-ocean ridge
D. Along a rift valley

122. Standardized Test Prep
3. Which step in a volcanic eruption occurs just before the volcano erupts?
A. Magma collects in the magma chamber
B. Lava hardens to form volcanic rock
C. Expanding gases push magma through the pipe
D. The roof of the empty magma chamber collapses

123. Standardized Test Prep
3. Which step in a volcanic eruption occurs just before the volcano erupts?
A. Magma collects in the magma chamber
B. Lava hardens to form volcanic rock
C. Expanding gases push magma through the pipe
D. The roof of the empty magma chamber collapses

124. Standardized Test Prep
4. Magma that hardens between layers of rock forms a
F. Volcanic neck
G. Dike
H. Batholith
J. Sill

125. Standardized Test Prep
4. Magma that hardens between layers of rock forms a
F. Volcanic neck
G. Dike
H. Batholith
J. Sill

126. Standardized Test Prep
5. The diagram shows the formation of what volcanic feature?
A. Caldera
B. Island arc volcano
C. Hot spot
D. Mid-Ocean Ridge

127. Standardized Test Prep
5. The diagram shows the formation of what volcanic feature?
A. Caldera
B. Island arc volcano
C. Hot spot
D. Mid-Ocean Ridge