1. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 7-1 Chapter Seven l Sexuality

2. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-2 Sexuality l Prior to 20th century, love and sex were considered separate from marriage l During 20th century, separation of erotic love and marriage evaporated

3. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-3 Emergence of Sexual Identity l Sexual identity = a set of sexual practices and attitudes leading to the formation in a person’s mind of an identity as heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual  helps us to define who we are l Until late 19th century, sexual terms only referred to socially approved sex (within marriage to procreate) or socially disapproved (all other acts).

4. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-4 l Key to understanding changing relationship among sex, love, and marriage in the last hundred years Emergence of Sexual Identity

5. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-5 Colonial Era to 1890: Spiritual Love and Sexual Restraint l Sex and romance inappropriate reasons for choosing a spouse l Sex was only allowed within marriage in moderation, only for the purpose of having children l Massachusetts Bay Colony forbade (death penalty) adultery, rape, sodomy

6. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-6 l 1750 young adults began to play a greater role in choosing spouse l Chose on the basis of affection and mutual respect l Sex for pleasure within marriage began to be acceptable l Still must exercise restraint  fears that it could cause insanity or loss of vision Colonial Era to 1890

7. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-7 Colonial Era to 1890 l 19th century wage labor separated husbands from household l Women were seen as spiritual and should limit sexual passions of her husband l Focus was on marital love as spiritual, not carnal at all l Women were denied sexual feelings l Denial also used as a basis for sexual repression during the Victorian Era

8. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-8 l Standard of living increased  people were more free to focus on quality of their emotional lives l Industrialization and urbanization  smaller families to focus on l Fewer children left home sooner; couples could concentrate on their personal lives l Resulted in the rise of the private family 1890-1960: Connecting Romantic Love and Marriage

9. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-9 1890-1960: Connecting Romantic Love and Marriage l Marriage seen as a means of self- fulfillment through romantic love and sexual gratification l Husband and wives should l Be companions l See to each other’s needs, including sexual l Indicators of the health of a marriage l 1920s: Women’s sexual needs were acknowledged and displayed (cosmetic sales, clothing changes)

10. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-10 1890-1960: Connecting Romantic Love and Marriage l Passionate love (flame) l Sexually charged attraction at the beginning of many love relationships l Companionate love (glowing embers) l Affection and partnership felt in love relationship of long duration

11. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-11 Gender Differences in Romantic Love l Gender differences: l Women use romantic love and practical criteria to choose spouse l Reproductive strategy  valuing support and commitment in men l Men use romantic love and physical attractiveness l Reproductive strategy  valuing evidence of age and attractiveness = bearing children

12. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-12 1960 to Present l Double standard  men guarded sexual access to their wives - women punished more harshly for premarital and extramarital sex l Idea of sex for pleasure outside of marriage spread l Extramarital sex l Restriction for keeping sex in marriage exclusively weakened l Changes for women more dramatic  changes in the double standard

13. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-13 Nonmarital Sexual Activity l Decline of Double Standard l Women reported more frequent sex before marriage l Men’s report did not change much

14. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-14

15. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-15 l Sexual monogamy is still the rule l Sexual gratification in marriage is encouraged and supported l Sex for pleasure became legitimate goal l Contraception available  separates sex as reproduction from sex as pleasure Marital and Extramarital Sex

16. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-16 Overview of Sexuality and Marriage l Positive value given to sexual expression has continued and increased l Cultural changes reflected in this: l Increased economic independence of women l Postponement of marriage without postponing sex

17. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-17 l Men and women could have sex without making a commitment l Cohabitation, marriage, and singlehood all recognized as OK Overview of Sexuality and Marriage

18. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-18 l Consequence of cultural changes l Sexual intercourse outside marriage increased l Early marriage decreased l Set the stage for having children outside marriage Childbearing Outside of Marriage

19. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-19

20. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-20 l Trends l Adolescent sexual activity much more common than in mid-20th century l Greatest increase occurred in 1970s and 1980s l A modest decline occurred in early 1990s l Particularly with boys l Condom use increased Adolescent Sexuality and Pregnancy

21. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-21 l Boys and girls sexually active at about same level l Increase greater for middle class and whites l Sexual activity among youth is still more common for l African Americans l The poor l Led to greater proportion of teenage pregnancies and births outside marriage Adolescent Sexuality and Pregnancy

22. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-22

23. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-23 The Teenage Pregnancy “Problem” l 10% of females 15-19 years of age become pregnant each year l One-third of these pregnancies end in abortion l This is lower than 10 or 20 years ago l Increased at the end of the 1980s, then declined to all-time low in 90s l Probability of teenager giving birth lower than in the last half-century

24. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-24 The Teenage Pregnancy “Problem” l Then what is the “Problem”? l Fewer teenagers marrying than are giving birth l Black youth are more sexually active l Nearly all births of black teenagers (96%) occurred outside marriage l Among whites and Hispanics the figure was 73% of births outside marriage

25. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-25 l Nonmarital birth ratio has risen l Nonmarital birth ratio = proportion of all births outside marriage l Teenage births outside marriage have led to increase in ratio l Ratio has increased sharply for teens, even though birthrate has declined Declining Rate, Rising Ratio

26. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-26 l Giving birth is seen as an alternative strategy for entering adulthood in low-income neighborhoods l Studies of young, low-income African Americans Alternative Life-Course Strategy?

27. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-27 l Grandmothers, who were themselves young mothers, raise grandchildren as did their own mothers l Biological mother is not yet a parent l Transition to adulthood does not occur until a woman becomes a biological grandmother l Community accepts this is as normal Alternative Life-Course Strategy?

28. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-28 l Complete fewer years of education l Have lower-paying jobs l More likely to depend on public assistance l Less likely to have stable marriages Consequences for Teenage Mothers

29. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-29 l Selection effect = principle that whenever individuals sort or “select” themselves into groups, some of the differences among the groups reflect preexisting differences among the individuals. l Teenage mothers have come from less- fortunate families Consequences for Teenage Mothers

30. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-30 l Characteristics of teenage mothers: l Disadvantaged in income, education and employment l Some disadvantages due to other factors, such as being raised in low- income families l Great variation in how their lives turn out Consequences for Teenage Mothers

31. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-31 History of Gay and Lesbian Sexuality l Creation of a gay and lesbian subculture l Historically, identity was not focused on one way or the other l In late 1800s an anti-homosexuality campaign was begun l Medical literature described homosexual people as psychologically ill l Considered an unnatural condition l Heterosexuality = normal or “healthy”

32. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-32 l Medical model stigmatized homosexuals and served as the basis for prejudice and discrimination until 1973 l Early 20th century: Some gay and lesbian people able to establish underground sexual subculture- it was anonymous, small, and marginal l AMA removed homosexuality from the list of mental disorders in 1973 Gay and Lesbian Sexuality

33. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-33 Gay and Lesbian Sexuality l Kinsey report published in 1948 shocked the U.S. l 50% of men surveyed acknowledged their erotic feelings toward other men l 1/3 had had one experience with another man l 12% had sexual experiences predominantly with men for more than 3 years l 4% had exclusively homosexual relations with other men l Concluded perhaps as many as 10% men were more or less exclusively homosexual for at least 3 years

34. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-34 Gay and Lesbian Sexuality l Other surveys didn’t match Kinsey results l University of Chicago survey– Large random sample of U.S. adults l Less than 3% men and 2% women considered themselves homosexual or bisexual

35. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-35 l Gay Political Movement l Term “gay” originated in late 1960s l Protest of the Stonewall riot (police raid of NYC gay bar) l Military—Don’t ask, don’t tell policy l 50% of states still have laws against consensual sex between same-sex partners l Fight to legalize marriage Gay and Lesbian Sexuality

36. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-36 Origins of Sexual Orientation l Lifestyle choice vs. Biological causes l Substantial support for biological component l study of identical and fraternal twins, brothers l Biological studies are controversial  political implications l No justification for restricting rights if it’s not a choice

37. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-37 AIDS Epidemic and Sexuality l AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome l HIV = Human Immune Deficiency Virus

38. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-38 Sexual Behavior and AIDS l 725,000 cases by end of 1999 l 425,000 deaths l Equal to number of Americans who died in both World Wars, Korea, and Vietnam l Highest number of deaths among non-Hispanic white males, until 1995 l Transmission mainly through gay male sex l Rise in non-Hispanic blacks today l Reflects increase in cases due to intravenous drug use

39. McGraw-Hill © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved 7-39 l Led to changes in: l Sexual identities l Attitudes towards sex l Sexual practices l Safe sex has become important l Open discussion l Contraception use encouraged l Homosexual sex is now more understood AIDS and Sexuality