1. Organizational Behavior / Perception

2. When you change  the way you look at things, the things you look at change.

3. Perception
“ The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process
through which we interpret and organize sensory information to
produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.”

4. MEANING: Perceptions differ from person to person.
Each individual perceives the same situation differently.
Perception is a unique interpretation of the situation, not an exact recording of the situation.
Perception is more complex and much broader than sensation.

5. NATURE OF PERCEPTION
It is a cognitive and psychological process. The manner in which a person perceives the environment affects his behaviour. There can be no behaviour without perception and perception lies at the base of every human action.
Perception is the process by which an individual gives meaning to the environment.
It occurs whenever stimuli activate the sense organs.
A stimulus that is not perceived has no effect on behaviour.
Perception is a process that operates constantly between us and reality.

6. Organizational Behavior / Perception

7. IMPORTANCE OF PERCEPTION
Perception plays a very important role in shaping the personality of an individual.
Perception is central in interpreting the world around us.
Perception affects the outcome of our behavior because we act on the basis of what we see.
An understanding of perception is important to understand and control the human behavior.
Because people’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

8. PERCEPTUAL PROCESS Perception is an intellectual process.
Perception is the basic cognitive or psychological process.
Perception is subjective process. Perception is subjective because person beliefs or cultural background shape their perception.
Perception consists of several sub-processes.
Organizational Behavior / Perception

9. CONT… Perceptual throughputs
inputs
Stimuli
Perceptual throughputs
Receiving->Selecting->Organising->Interpreting
Perceptual
Outputs
Actions

10. Organizational Behavior / Perception

11. PERCEPTUAL PROCESS Perceptual inputs: Objects, Events and people.
All those things in the setting where events occur or contribute to the occurrence of events can be termed as Perceptual inputs.
Perceptual Mechanism: involves three elements viz. selection of stimuli, organization of stimuli and interpretation of stimuli.
Perceptual outputs: Attitudes, Opinions, Feelings & Values.
The result is the “ BEHAVIOUR”

12. Organizational Behavior / Perception

13. Perceptual Error Halo effect
The process by which the perceiver evaluates another person solely on the basis of one attribute, either favorable or unfavorable.
Expectancy effects
Extent to which expectations bias how events, objects, and people are actually perceived
Organizational Behavior / Perception

14. Continue…
Projection
The assignment of one’s personal attributes to other individuals.
Primacy: First impressions
Organizational Behavior / Perception

15. Improving Perceptual Accuracy
Empathize(share feelings) with others
Postponed Impression Formation
Compare perceptions with others
Know Yourself
Organizational Behavior / Perception

16. Organizational Behavior / Perception

17. Factors that Influence Perception
Perception is influenced by a variety of individuals and situational factors.
Physiological Differences
Cultural Differences
Social Roles
Occupational Roles
Previous Experiences
Organizational Behavior / Perception

18. CONT… Self Esteem Expectations/Wishes Tunnel Vision
Intense Feelings & Attitudes
Stereotyping
Group Pressure
Organizational Behavior / Perception

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20. Organizational Behavior / Perception

21. Stereotype:
A fixed, commonly held notion or image of a person or group, based on an oversimplification of some observed or imagined trait of behavior or appearance.
The use of stereotypes is a major way in which we simplify our social world;
Organizational Behavior / Perception

22. Organizational Behavior / Perception

23. Organizational Behavior / Perception

24. Basic Elements For Perception
Any perceptual event has three components that are:
1.) Perceiver
Any individual perceiving from event ) Target
Thing which is being perceived ) Situation

25. ATTRIBUTES OF THE PERCEIVER
Several attributes unique to our personalities can affect how we see others. These include the following :
i) Self concept
ii) Cognitive structure
iii) Previous experiences

26. CONT…
SELF-CONCEPT
A person with a positive self-concept tends to perceive the positive characteristics of others. Conversely, a person with a negative self-concept is likely to focus on negative characteristics. The more accurate a person's self-concept, the more accurate his or her perceptions of others will tend to be.
Organizational Behavior / Perception

27. CONT… COGNITIVE STRUCTURE:
Cognitive structure, an individual's pattern of thinking, also affects perception. Some people have a tendency to perceive physical traits, such as height, weight, and appearance, more readily. Cognitive complexity allows a person to perceive multiple characteristics of another person rather than attending to just a few traits
Organizational Behavior / Perception

28. ATTRIBUTES OF THE TARGET
The first major influence on perception is of the target.
In particular, the following attributes of target can be identified:
i) Physical appearance
ii) Verbal and non verbal communication
iii) Intentions

29. CONT… PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
Physical appearance pals a big role in our perception of others. Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are more likely to be noticed in a group than ordinary looking individuals. Motions, sound, size and other attributes of a target shape the way we see it.
Organizational Behavior / Perception

30. VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Verbal Communication from targets also affects our perception of them. Nonverbal communication conveys a great deal of information about the target. The perceiver deciphers eye contact, facial expressions, body movements, and posture all in a attempt to form an impression of the target.
Organizational Behavior / Perception

31. CONT…
INTENTIONS:
How we interpret the intentions of others influences our perceptions of their personality. For instance, if you assume that your professor is going to criticize your work, you may perceive your instructor to be a negative and critical person.
Organizational Behavior / Perception

32. ATTRIBUTES OF THE SITUATION
Elements in the surrounding environment also influence perception process. Some of these are as follows :
i) Social context
ii) Organizational role
iii) Location of event

33. VIDEO
Organizational Behavior / Perception

34. Types of perception Color perception Visual perception
Speech perception
Size perception
Motion perception

35. Color Perception:
The ability to interpret information about something on the basis of the effects of colors.
Color perception is subjective.

36. COLOR PERCEPTION
While perceptions of color are somewhat subjective, there are some color effects that have universal meaning.
Several ancient cultures, including the Egyptians and Chinese, practiced chromotherapy(referred to as light therapy ), or using colors to heal.
Red was used to stimulate the body and mind and to increase circulation. 
Yellow was thought to stimulate the nerves and purify the body. 
Orange was used to heal the lungs and to increase energy levels. 
Blue was believed to soothe illnesses and treat pain. 
Indigo shades were thought to alleviate skin problems.

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38. Visual perception
Visual perception is the ability to interpret information and surroundings from the effects of visible light reaching the eye.
Visual perception is a function of our eyes and brain.

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40. Size Perception:
The ability to interpret information about the size of objects
It includes:
Size constancy
Shape constancy
Color constancy
Organizational Behavior / Perception

41. Size constancy:
When we know that an object is of a certain size,we tend to perceive it as being same size,regardless of how far it is from our eyes.
Organizational Behavior / Perception

42. Shape Constancy:
When we know that the object is a certain shape,we tend to perceive it as the same shape,regardless of the viewing angle.
Organizational Behavior / Perception

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44. Color Constancy:
Colors of the objects tend to remain constant in perception when we know their actual color.
Organizational Behavior / Perception

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46. What is illusion…
A perception that occurs when a sensory stimulus is present but is incorrectly perceived and misinterpreted, such as hearing the wind as someone crying.
Most of the illusions are optical
illusions i.e
An object causing a false visual
impression

47. Types of illusion IMPOSSIIBLE FIGURE ILLUSION:
The figures for which our brain is able to take
sensation that is two dimensional and produce
perception that is three dimensional.

49. REVERSIBLE FIGURE illusion
Reversible figures present ambiguous infarmation tha can be interpreted in more than one ways.

51. Mueller-Lyer Illusion
The Mueller-Lyer Illusion is an optical illusion involving two lines and arrowheads at the ends of each line. When two lines and arrowheads of equal length are used, the one with ends pointing out is thought to be longer than the one with ends pointing in.

52. Moon Illusion
The variation in the apparent size of the Moon (smaller when overhead, larger when near the horizon) is another natural illusion; it is not an optical phenomenon, but rather a cognitive or perceptual illusion

54. Illusion in movement
Some times the objects at rest seem to be moving while those that are moving seem to be at rest. E.g train at railway station.

58. Causes of Illusion
Abnormal condition or defects of the sense organs.

59. cOnt…
Illusion due to odd arrangements of stimuli.

60. cOnt… Illusion due to appreciation,interests, expectations etc.
Illusion due to limitations of the sense organs.
Social factors such as needs, motives,past experiences and expectations about the world and the way we percieve it.

61. “If a tree falls…”
If a tree falls in the forest and there is nobody around to hear it…
Does it make a noise?
Organizational Behavior / Perception

62. NO…Sound (like color) is all in your head!
Answer
NO…Sound (like color) is all in your head!

63. Can you believe that this is a picture and not an animation
Can you believe that this is a picture and not an animation? To check, just focus on one leaf for 5 seconds
Organizational Behavior / Perception

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