1. Chapter 13: Mass Society and Democracy

2. Section Objectives Section 1- The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
Describe how new sources of energy and consumer products transformed the standard of living for all social classes in many European countries.
Summarize how working-class leaders used Marx’s ideas to form socialist parties.
Section 2- The Emergence of Mass Society
Characterize the varied middle class in Victorian Britain and their belief in principles of hard work and good conduct.
Discuss how the new opportunities for women and the working class improved their lives.

3. Section Objectives Section 3- The National State and Democracy
Discuss how new political parties and labor unions challenged the governments of western Europe.
Explain how international rivalries led to conflicts in the Balkans and World War I
Section 4- Toward the Modern Consciousness
Describe how innovative artistic movements during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s rejected traditional styles.
Explain how extreme nationalism and racism led to an increase in anti- Semitism.
Summarize how developments in science changed how people saw themselves and their world.

4. Daily Objectives
Students will describe new products and patterns of production, the birth of a world economic system, and efforts to organize the working class.
Students will describe the development of a new urban environment and new social structures, opportunities for women and changes in education and leisure.
Students will use different types of maps and geographic tools to analyze features on Earth to investigate and solve geographic questions.

5. Daily objectives
Students will analyze how international rivalries led to conflicts in the Balkans and to World War I.
Students will continue to analyze how international rivalries led to conflicts in the Balkans and to World War I.
Students will describe the developments in physics and psychology; the relationship between the concept of Social Darwinism and racism; anti-Semitism in Europe, and the growth of modernism in literature and the arts.

6. Warm-ups

7. Warm-up 2/18
Turn to page 425. Study the Forms of Government, 1900 chart.
According to the chart, what is the major difference between an autocratic and a democratic form of government?
How are a constitutional monarchy and a republic similar? How do they differ?
Where was direct democracy practiced in 1900? Which earlier civilizations also practiced direct democracy?

8. Forms of Government, 1900

9. Industrialization of Europe by 1914

10. Map of the Europe 1914

11. Warm-up 2/19
Read Marx and Engels Proclaim the Classless Society p. 402
Do you agree with Marx’s definition of political power? Why or why not?
Do you think Marx’s idea of a classless society is realistic? Why or why not?

12. Workers of the world, unite!!!

13. Europe, 1871

14. Warm-up 2/25
Study the European Population Growth and Relocation, on pp
Where are the heaviest concentration of Europeans per square mile in 1820?
Which country in the 1900 map has the greater population density? Spain or Italy?

15. European Population Growth and Relocation, 1820-1900
Warm-up 2/25
European Population Growth and Relocation,

16. Warm-up 2/25 Study the map Europe, 1871 on page 412.
Which three empires extend beyond the boundaries shown on this map?
Pose and answer your own question about how the geographic relationships shown on this map might result in major conflicts, such as the impending world war.

17. Chapter 13 Section 1: The Second Industrial Revolution
1st Industrial Revolution- textiles, railroads, and coal
2nd Industrial Revolution- steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil
New methods for shaping steel made it possible to build lighter, smaller, and faster machines, engines, and more.
Electricity was quite valuable because it was convertible into heat, light, or motion
Internal-combustion engine provided a new power source for transportation (e.g. ocean liners, airplanes, and the automobile)

18. Chapter 13 Section 1: The Second Industrial Revolution
Industrial sales of manufactured goods caused industrial production to grow.
Wages increased after 1870.
Not all countries benefitted from the Second Industrial Revolution; Spain, Portugal, Russia, Austria-Hungary, the Balkans, and southern Italy were agricultural and much less wealthy. They provided other nations with food and raw materials.
World Economy in Europe

19. Chapter 13 Section 1: Organizing the Working Class
Appalled by industrial working conditions, Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels published The Communist Manifesto in 1848; they believed this was due to capitalism
History of class struggle between the oppressing owners and oppressed workers
Bourgeoisie (middle-class oppressors) vs. Proletariat ( working- class oppressed)
Marx predicted this would result in a revolution; proletariat would violently overthrow bourgeoisie and form a dictatorship; producing a society with classes

20. Chapter 13 Section 1: Organizing the Working Class
Pure Marxists- overthrow capitalism violently/Revisionists- argued to work with other parties for reforms
Industrial workers formed socialist political parties and unions based on the theories of Karl Marx.

21. Chapter 13 Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society
The New Urban Environment-
By the end of the 19th century, mass society emerged.
Mass society is any society of the modern era that possesses a mass culture and large-scale, impersonal, social institutions. A mass society is a society in which prosperity and bureaucracy have weakened traditional social ties.
Cities grew because of rural migration to the urban centers.
Urban Social reformers convinced city governments to create boards of health to improve the quality of housing, clean water for drinking and bathing, and sewage.

22. Chapter 13 Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society
Social Structure of Mass Society-
Several middle-class groups existed between the few who were rich and the many who were poor:
The Elite- landed aristocrats and most successful industrialists, bankers, and merchants
The Middle Classes- lawyers, doctors, members of the civil service, business managers, engineers, architects, accountants, chemists, shopkeepers, traders, prosperous peasants, and white-collar workers
The Working Classes- peasants, farm laborers, sharecroppers, artisans, semi-skilled laborers, day laborers, and domestic servants

23. Chapter 13 Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society
The Experience of Women-
Women were legally inferior to and economically dependent on men.
The 2nd Industrial Revolution opened the door to new jobs for women.
Throughout the 1800’s marriage was the only honorable and available career for women.
Women took jobs in the expanding government services in the fields of education, social work, and health.

24. Chapter 13 Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society
Modern feminism, the movement for women’s rights, began during the Enlightenment. The movement in the 1800’s began with a fight for the right of women to own property.
Women sought access to universities and traditionally male fields of employment as well.
In the 1840s and 1850s women began to demand equal political rights, such as the right to vote.

25. Chapter 13 Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society
Universal Education-
Universal education was a product of the mass society of the late 19th century and early 20th century; before then, education was for the wealthy and upper middle classes.
Between most Western governments began to set up state sponsored primary schools.
The factories and firms needed skilled, knowledgeable labor.
The chief motive for public education was political.
Increased education increased literacy.

26. Chapter 13 Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society
New Forms of Leisure-
The 2nd Industrial Revolution allowed people to pursue more leisure activities.
It gave people more time like evenings and weekends to pursue fun after work.
The new mass leisure differed from earlier popular culture.

27. Chapter 13 Section 3: The National State and Democracy
Western Europe and Political Democracy-
By the late 19th century, progress had been made in establishing constitutions, parliaments, and individual liberties.
Great Britain- two parties- Liberals and Conservatives- competed with each other
France- the collapse of Louis-Napoleon’s 2nd Empire left the country in confusion.
ministerial responsibility- the idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body and not the chief executive.
Italy- little unity because of the great gulf that separated the poor, agricultural south from the rich, industrial north.

28. Chapter 13 Section 3: The National State and Democracy
Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order-
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia pursued policies different from other European nations.
Germany- Otto von Bismarck (prime minister 1871)-Worked against democracy; created two-house legislature. Reichstag vs. Government ministers.
William II ( , emperor)- controlled the armed forces, the government bureaucracy, and foreign policy; cries for democracy increased; conservatives against democracy.
Austria- emperor Francis Joseph ignored the parliamentary system.

29. Chapter 13 Section 3: The National State and Democracy
Central and Eastern Europe: The Old Order (c0nt.)-
Austria- troubled by disputes among the nationalities under its rule- e.g., the Germans, Czechs, Poles, and other Slavic groups. Agitated for their own freedom.
Hungary- had a parliament that worked; controlled by Magyar landowners who dominated the peasants and various ethnic groups.
Russia- Czar Nicholas II- began rule in 1894; believed in absolute power; industrialization on the rise; by 1900 Russia 4th largest producer of steel; rise of industrial working class and socialist parties; revolution broke out in 1905.
“Blood Sunday”
Duma- Russian legislative assembly

30. Chapter 13 Section 3: The National State and Democracy
The United States and Canada-
United States- Between became and industrial power; shifted from agrarian to an industrial society; by the world’s richest nation; labor union began to form; began to expand abroad- Samoa, Hawaii, Spain, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
Canada- distrust between the English and French- speaking peoples; under first French Canadian prime minister, the groups reconciled.

31. Chapter 13 Section 3: The National State and Democracy
International Rivalries-
Triple Alliance- formed in between Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy; formed defensively against France; Bismarck fired by William II; emperor dropped treaty with Russia.
Triple Entente- formed in 1894 between France, Russia, and Great Britain; Europe now divided into two uncompromising camps.
Crisis in the Balkans-
19th century- provinces of the Ottoman Empire gradually gained independence (Greece, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro); Bosnia and Herzegovina were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908; Allies of Austria-Hungary and of Russia were determined to support the countries on their sides.

32. Chapter 13 Section 4: Toward the Modern Consciousness
A New Physics-
Before 1914 the Enlightenment ideals of reason, science, and progress remained important to many Europeans.
Belief in the Newtonian Universe- everything ran in a machine- like, orderly fashion through knowable laws- atoms
Marie Curie- discovered radium; atoms were worlds in themselves, not just hard material bodies
Albert Einstein- theory of relativity; space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer; some believed this took the certainty out of the Newtonian Universe

33. Chapter 13 Section 4: Toward the Modern Consciousness
Freud and Psychoanalysis-
Sigmund Freud- argued that human behavior is strongly influenced by past experiences and internal forces that people are not aware of.
psychoanalysis- technique where patient and therapist probe deep into the patient’s psyche through free association, talking, and dream analysis.
Social Darwinism and Racism-
Racists and nationalists sometimes misapplied Darwin’s ideas to human society; the poor were just weak and lazy; necessity for society to rid it of the weak and unfit; Jews were the enemy of the Aryan race.

34. Chapter 13 Section 4: Toward the Modern Consciousness
Anti-Semitism and Zionism-
Anti-Semitism-hostility and discrimination against Jews
Zionism- national movement to return Jews to their homeland
pogroms- organized persecution and massacres of Jews
The Culture of Modernity-
Between 1870 and 1914 many artists and writers rebelled against traditional artistic and literary styles, creating an aesthetic called modernism.
During the 19th century, literature was dominated by naturalism; writing depicted social conditions and grappled with social issues, such as alcoholism and urban poverty.

35. Chapter 13 Section 4: Toward the Modern Consciousness
The Culture of Modernity (cont.)-
At the beginning the 20th century, a group of writers known as the symbolists caused a literary revolution by arguing that art should be about the inner life of people and should serve only art, not social progress.
Claude Monet left the studio and painted outdoors
Vincent van Gogh- famous Postimpressionist; believed art was a spiritual experience
George Eastman-created his first Kodak
Pablo Picasso- created new style called cubism
Architecture- functionalism
Igor Stravinsky’s- The Rite of Spring- revolutionized classical music

36. Claude Monet

37. Vincent van Gogh

38. George Eastman- Kodak Camera

39. Pablo Picasso

40. Functionalism in Architecture

41. Chapter 13 Section 1 Vocabulary
Bourgeoisie- the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
Proletariat- the working class
Dictatorship- a form of government in which a person or small group has absolute power
Revisionist- a Marxist who rejected the revolutionary approach, believing instead in evolution by democratic means to achieve the goal of socialism

42. Chapter 13 Section 2 Vocabulary
Feminism- the movement for women’s rights
Literacy- the ability to read

43. Chapter 13 Section 3/Section 4 Vocabulary
Ministerial responsibility- the idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected executive body and not the executive officer.
Duma- the Russian legislative assembly
Psychoanalysis- a method by which a therapist and patient probe deeply into the patient’s memory; by making the patient’s conscious mind aware of repressed thoughts, healing can take place.
Pogrom- organized persecution or massacre of a minority group, especially Jews.
Modernism- a movement in which writers and artists between and 1914 rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles that had dominated European cultural life sine the Renaissance.

44. Chapter 13 Section 1- Identify the following:
Thomas Edison: created the first light bulb
Alexander Graham Bell: invented the telephone in 1876
Guglielmo Marconi: sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901
Karl Marx: co authored The Communist Manifesto in 1848.

45. Chapter 13 Section 1: Guided Reading
Steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum
The substitution of steel for iron
Heat, light, and motion
Wages for workers increased and prices for goods were lower
Southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, and the Balkan kingdoms, and Russia

46. Chapter 13 Section
They formed Socialist political parties and Socialist trade unions
It was written by two Germans, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
The ruling class and the oppressed, the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat
The largest single party in Germany
They believed that capitalism would be overthrown in a violent revolution

47. Chapter 13 Section 2: Guided Reading
Cities
Mass
Elite
Wealth
Middle
Hard work
landholding

48. Chapter 13 Section 2 : Guided Reading
Unskilled
Second
Political
Primary
Literacy
Leisure
fun

49. Chapter 13 Section 3: Guided Reading
1. Constitution, parliaments, and liberties
A. liberal, conservative
B. constitution
C. labor, industry
2. Central and Eastern
A. emperor
B. ignored
C. absolute, Czar

50. Chapter 13 Section 3: Guided Reading
3. Unity A. richest B. Samoa, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines 4. Pacific, Atlantic 5. Balkans A. annexing B. Serbia C. suspicion

51. Chapter 13 Section 4: Guided Reading
Reason, science, and progress
Orderliness
Radium
Relativity
Past; internal
Psychoanalysis
Darwinism

52. Chapter 13 Section 4: Guided Reading
anti-Semitism
Impossible
countryside
Spiritual
Feel
Functional

53. Chapter 13: Vocabulary Activity
Communism
Proletariat
Dictatorship
Revisionists
Feminism
Literacy
Ministerial responsibility

54. Chapter 13 :Vocabulary Activity
Duma
Urbanization
Psychoanalysis
Pogroms
Modernism
impressionism

55. Chapter 13 : Timeline Activity42
All deal with objects that can be seen only with a microscope.
People realized that things that appear solid and seamless are actually made of tiny invisible units of matter. 72
Smith- labor is the source of a nation’s wealth; an educated workforce should create more wealth
Marx- education is a step towards removing class distinctions

56. Chapter 13: Reteaching Activity
New Ideas in Economics
The 2nd Industrial Revolution, combined with the growth of transportation by steamship and railroad, fosters a true world economy.
Based on the theory of Karl Marx, the formation of socialist political parties and trade unions improve the working and living conditions of industrial workers.
Many countries shift from being agrarian to industrial nations.

57. Chapter 13: Reteaching Activity
The New Science
Charles Darwin’s theories are applied to human society in a radical way by nationalists and racists.
Marie Curie discovers that an element called radium gives off energy, or radiation.
Albert Einstein publishes his special theory of relativity, which states that space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer.

58. Chapter 13: Reteaching Activity
Popular Culture
Urban populations grow because of the lack of jobs and land in the country.
Emmeline Pankhurst founds The Women’s Social and Political Union.
The industrial system gives people new times to indulge in leisure activities.

59. Chapter 13: Reteaching Activity
Revolution in the Arts
Claude Monet paints pictures that capture the interplay of light, water, and sky.
Igor Stravinsky’s ballet The Rite of Spring is performed in Paris.
Pablo Picasso paints in a new style called cubism

60. Chapter 13 Section 1: Review Questions
Why did Europe dominate the world economy by the beginning of the 2oth century?
Because of its capital, industries, and military might
How would you summarize Marx’s theory as expressed in The Communist Manifesto?
All of world history was a “history of struggles”-the oppressor versus the oppressed. This struggle would end in open revolution and the overthrow of the bourgeoisie by the proletariat. A classless society would emerge, and the state would wither away.

61. Chapter 13 Section 2: Review Questions
Name the major groups in the social structure of the late 19th century.
What was the basic aim of the suffragists?
Why did states make a commitment to provide public education?
How did innovations in transportation change leisure activities during the Second Industrial Revolution?

62. Chapter 13 Section 2 Review Answers
The major groups in the social structure included a wealthy elite, middle classes (high, middle, and low), and working classes.
The basic aim of the suffragists was to gain the right of women to full citizenship in the nation-state.
They made a commitment to provide public education to provide trained, skilled labor, but primarily because the extension of voting rights created a need for better-educated voters and to instill patriotism.
Subways and streetcars meant that even the working classes could make their way to athletic games, amusement parks, and dance halls.

63. Chapter 13 Section 3: Review Questions
What is the principle of ministerial responsibility?
A prime minister actually leads the government. The prime minister is directly responsible to the legislative body, not to the executive officer.
What is the role of the Duma in the Russian government?
The Duma was created as a legislative assembly in the wake of “Bloody Sunday,” but the czar quickly curtailed its power.
What countries formed the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente?
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia
Why were the Serbs outraged when Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina?
They had hoped to create a large Serbian kingdom that would include most the southern Slavs, including Bosnia and Herzegovina.

64. Chapter 13 Section 4 : Review Questions
How did Marie Curie’s discovery change people’s ideas about the atom?
It showed that atoms were not simply hard material bodies but small, active worlds.
What is Freud’s theory of the human unconscious?
The past experiences are repressed but continue to influence behavior because they are part of the unconscious.
What does the theory of Social Darwinism state?
Social progress comes from “the struggle for survival” as the “fit,” or strong, advanced while the weak declined.
Why did Jews begin to move to Palestine?
To escape persecution
How did the Impressionists radically change the art of painting in the 1870’s?
They rejected the studios where artists had traditionally worked and went out into the countryside to paint nature directly.