1. Vehicle Control Vehicle Direction / Speed Requirements
Topic 4 Lesson 2
Vehicle Control
Vehicle Direction / Speed Requirements
Steering Wheel Control
Hand position on steering wheel
Holding top or upper half of wheel (excessive steering and air bag injury risk)
Hands located on lower half of wheel (relaxed, balanced control)
Steering techniques
Hand-to-hand steering (Push/Pull/Slide)
Hand-over-hand steering (top third of wheel)
Evasive steering (ABS wheel limitation)
One-hand steering
To reach controls
At top when backing straight
At bottom when backing a trailer
T – 2.31

2. Targeting and Visual Requirements
Topic 5 Lesson 1
Targeting and Visual Requirements
Visual Functions
- Focus Vision (Focal/Foveal)
- Central Vision (Limited Fringe Area)
Peripheral Vision (Side)
Vision Goals
Maintaining an open line of sight
Searching skills
Targeting line of sight, path of travel
Referencing vehicle to path of travel
Using visual references and turning targets
- Forward visual turning points
- Rear visual turning points
T – 2.32

3. Determining Vehicle Operating Space
Topic 5 Lesson 1
Determining Vehicle Operating Space
Markers represent edge of sightlines
Outline of pavement area around the car the driver cannot see from the driver’s seat
Forward
Rectangles are the tire patches and asterisks represent the vehicle’s forward and rear turning axis * *
Rear
T – 2.33

4. Traditional Mirror Views and Blind Spots
Topic 5 Lesson 1
Right mirror blind zone
Right side view mirror
Rear view mirror ( )
Left side view mirror
Left mirror blind zone
Notice the large blind zone areas and the overlap between the side and rear mirrors when using traditional mirror settings.
T – 2.34

5. Mirror Blind Spot and Glare Elimination (BGE)
Topic 5 Lesson 1
Mirror Blind Spot and Glare Elimination (BGE)
Adjusting the side mirror setting 15 degree outward (BGE) allows you to see the lanes to the sides and does not overlap as much with the area you can already see in your rear view mirror
BGE RIGHT SIDE MIRROR VIEW
Peripheral Vision Area
REAR MIRROR
VIEW
Peripheral Vision Area
BGE LEFT SIDE MIRROR VIEW
T – 2.35
Reference: Blindzone & Glare Elimination (BGE) Mirror Settings (G. Platzer, 1996)

6. Standard Referencing Points
Topic 5 Lesson 2
Standard Referencing Points
LEFT Reference Points
RIGHT Reference Points
Referencing Points:
Provide visual cues to establish vehicle position.
Relate part of the vehicle to some part of the roadway.
Allow the driver to determine proper placement within a lane.
Allow for reduced-risk lane positions.
6 inches from line or median
6 inches from line or curb
3 feet from line or median
3 feet from line or curb
T – 2.36

7. Topic 5 Lesson 2
Front Limitation
You will need to know where the front end of your vehicle is when you are:
Front Limitation
AT INTERSECTIONS
IN A STOPPING POSITION
PARKING
STOP LINE
T – 2.37

8. Front Limitation
Topic 5 Lesson 2
Where are your visual reference points to determine FRONT LIMITATION ?
T – 2.38

9. Front Limitation Reference Points
Topic 5 Lesson 2
To stop 3-6 inches from the line in front of your bumper, stop when your line of sight runs under the side view mirror reference point to the line in front of your vehicle.
Maintain a normal driving position when targeting your reference point and do not lean forward or sideways.
Reference point
Line of sight
Reference Point
T – 2.39

10. Topic 5 Lesson 2
Rear Limitation
You need to know where the rear of your vehicle is when you are:
BACKING
PARKING
T – 2.40

11. Topic 5 Lesson 2
Rear Limitation
Where are your visual reference points for REAR LIMITATION ?
T – 2.41

12. Topic 5 Lesson 2
Rear Limitation
To align the rear bumper three to six inches from a line or curb, you need to stop when the line or curb appears near the middle of the rear right window when looking over the right shoulder.
Reference point
Reference point
T – 2.42

13. Right Side Limitation
Topic 5 Lesson 2
Reference point
Establishing reference points for right side limitation will allow you to:
Line of sight
Reference point
know where the curb or line is on the right side of the street
park parallel 3-6 inches away from a line or curb
establish lane position 3
3-6 inches
T – 2.43

14. Topic 5 Lesson 2
Right Side Limitation
The right side limitation reference point to position your vehicle 3-6 inches from the curb or line is the middle of your vehicle’s hood.
Reference point
Line of Sight
3-6 inches
The reference point for 3 feet from the curb or line is the right 1/4 section of the hood.
Reference point
Line of Sight
3 feet
T – 2.44

15. Topic 5 Lesson 2
Left Side Limitation
Establishing reference points for left side limitation allows the driver to:
determine position when parking on the left side of a one-way street (3-6 inches from the curb or line)
determine lane position 2
3-6 INCHES
T – 2.45

16. Left Side Limitation
Topic 5 Lesson 2
Your left side limitation reference point is about one foot from the left front corner of your car (it may be the seam between your left fender and the hood of your vehicle) to the curb.
Reference Point
Line of Sight
Reference Point
3-6 INCHES
T – 2.46

17. Topic 5 Lesson 2
Angle Parking
5 Feet
To angle park, place your vehicle 5 feet from the right side, target the middle of the parking space, and use the right front turning point to initiate steering towards the middle of space.
5 feet
T – 2.47

18. Lane Position # 1 VEHICLE IS CENTERED IN THE LANE
Topic 5 Lesson 3
VEHICLE IS CENTERED IN THE LANE
CAR IS 3 FEET AWAY FROM THE LINES ON YOUR RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES
3 FEET
Lane Position ONE
( LP 1 )
3 FEET
T – 2.48

19. Lane Position # 1 Lane Position ONE (LP 1)
Topic 5 Lesson 3
Your left side reference point runs through the driver’s side left fender to the line on the left side of the vehicle.
Your right side reference point runs through the center of passenger’s side right half of the hood to the line on the right side of the vehicle.
3 FEET
Lane Position ONE
(LP 1)
3 FEET
Note: Lane position #1 is the lane position used most often.
T – 2.49

20. Lane Position # 2 VEHICLE IS 3-6 INCHES AWAY FROM LINE TO THE LEFT
Topic 5 Lesson 3
Lane Position # 2
VEHICLE IS 3-6 INCHES AWAY FROM LINE TO THE LEFT
3-6 INCHES
Lane Position TWO
( LP 2 )
T – 2.50

21. Lane Position # 2 Lane Position TWO (LP 2)
Topic 5 Lesson 3
Your lane position #2 reference point is about 1 foot from left side (it may be the crease between the left fender and hood of the vehicle) to the curb.
3-6 INCHES
Lane Position TWO
(LP 2)
6 FEET
T – 2.51

22. CAR IS POSITIONED 3-6 INCHES AWAY FROM EDGE OR LINE TO THE RIGHT
Topic 5 Lesson 3
Lane Position # 3
CAR IS POSITIONED 3-6 INCHES AWAY FROM EDGE OR LINE TO THE RIGHT
Lane Position THREE
( LP 3 )
3-6 INCHES
T – 2.52

23. Topic 5 Lesson 3
Lane Position # 3
Your lane position #3 reference point is through the center of your hood to the right edge of the roadway.
Lane Position THREE
(LP 3)
Reference point
6 FEET
Line of Sight
3-6 INCHES
T – 2.53

24. Topic 5 Lesson 3
Lane Positions
Position 2 is near the lane line to your left and is used when there is a restriction to your path of travel or your line of sight and you cannot move to the adjacent lane.
LP 2
OBSTACLE
LP 1
Moving from Lane Position ONE to TWO
T – 2.54

25. Lane Positions
Topic 5 Lesson 3
Position 3 is near the lane line to your right and is used when there is a restriction to your path of travel or line of sight and you cannot move out of the lane.
OBSTACLE
LP 3
LP 1
Moving from Lane Position ONE to THREE
T – 2.55

26. Possible Lane Positions
Topic 5 Lesson 3
The width of the lane allows drivers to make lane position adjustments to minimize risk and create more space between their car and problem situations.
LP 4
LP 2
LP 1
OBSTACLE
LP 3
LP 5
Lane Positions – 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
T – 2.56

27. Virginia Department of Education
Module Three Transparencies
Basic Maneuvering Tasks:
Low Risk Environment
Topic 1 -- Basic Maneuvers
Topic 2 -- Vision and Perception
Topic 3 -- Controlling Risk Using a Space Management System
Topic 4 -- Developing Good Driving Habits
Provided in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles

28. Entering Roadway Tasks
Topic 1 Lesson 1
Entering Roadway Tasks
1. Place Foot Firmly on Service Brake
2. Select Proper Gear
- Overdrive, Drive, or Reverse
3. Perform Traffic Checks
- Forward, Rear, and Sides
4. Apply Proper Signal
- Communicate Intentions
T – 3.1

29. Entering Roadway Tasks
Topic 1 Lesson 1
Release Parking Brake
Select Gap in Traffic Flow
Move to Lane
- Target Lane Position #1
- Release Service Brake
- Accelerate Gradually
- Steer to Center of Lane
3 feet
Lane Position #1
CENTER OF LANE
3 feet
T – 3.2

30. Moving to Curb/Side of Road
Topic 1 Lesson 2
Moving to Curb/Side of Road
Traffic Checks Front/Rear/Sides
Proper Signal
Target Ahead
Check Visual Reference
- for 6” from Curb
Side Mirror and/or Blind Area Check
T – 3.3

31. Moving to Curb/Side of Road
Topic 1 Lesson 2
Adjust Speed Using Controlled Braking
Use Gradual Steering
Make Adjustments to Align Visual Reference Points
Re-check Traffic
Cancel Signal Indicator
T – 3.4

32. Backing Proper Seating and Hand Positions
Topic 1 Lesson 3
Backing
Proper Seating and Hand Positions
Adjust Restraints if Necessary
Check Traffic to Front, Sides and Rear
Place Foot on the Brake
Shift to Reverse
Backing
T – 3.5

33. Backing Signal if Backing Right or Left Release Parking Brake
Topic 1 Lesson 3
Backing
Signal if Backing Right or Left
Release Parking Brake
Readjust Seat Position
Right Side/Left Side
Straight (Right Side)
Visually Target Position
Maintain Reference Points
Backing
T – 3.6

34. Backing Backing Control Rear Movement Gradually Release Brake Pressure
Topic 1 Lesson 3
Backing
Control Rear Movement Gradually Release Brake Pressure
Move as Slowly as Possible
Accelerate Gradually
Cover the Brake when Needed
Steer in the Direction You Want to Go Using Reference Points to Establish Position
Backing
T – 3.7

35. Vision and Perception Requirements
Topic 2 Lesson 1
Vision and Perception Requirements
Gaining Visual Information
- Focus Vision (Focal/Foveal)
- Central Vision (Limited Fringe Area)
- Peripheral Vision
Maintaining an Open Line of Sight
Developing Searching Skills
Note: 90% of the driving task is visual!
T – 3.8

36. Vision and Perception Requirements
Topic 2 Lesson 1
Targeting, Line of Sight, Path of Travel
Referencing Vehicle to Path of Travel
Using Visual References
Using Turning Points to Start the Turning Process
- Forward visual turning points
- Rear visual turning points
T – 3.9

37. Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Driver’s Useful Vision Areas
Gathering Useful Visual Information
Focus Vision Area (Focal)
Includes 3 to 5 degrees of useful information that is used when:
Targeting
Establishing a Visual Lead
Reading Signs and Interpreting Signals
T – 3.10

38. Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Driver’s Useful Vision Areas
Gathering Useful Visual Information
Central Vision Area (Inner Fringe)
30 to 36 degrees of useful information that includes:
Referencing Vehicle Position to Roadway
Viewing Path of Travel
Viewing Line of Sight to Target Area
T – 3.11

39. Driver’s Useful Vision Areas Gathering Useful Visual Information
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Gathering Useful Visual Information
Peripheral Vision
Peripheral Vision
Peripheral Vision (Outer Fringe Area)
degrees of useful information that detects:
Motion Changes
Color Changes
T – 3.12

40. Visual Fields in Operation
Topic 2 Lesson 3
Capacity of Visual Fields
Focus Vision
Focus Vision (Focal/Foveal)
Visual Lead, Targeting, Signs, Signals
Central Vision
Central Vision (Limited Fringe Area)
Referencing, Path of Travel, Sightlines
Peripheral Vision
Peripheral Vision
Motion and Color Changes
T – 3.13

41. Visual Fields in Operation
Topic 2 Lesson 3
Visual Fields in Operation
Standard Visual Target and Reference Fields for Lane Position 1
Path of Travel
Target
When focus vision is on the selected target in the center of the path of travel, the central or inner fringe vision allows the driver to visually place the vehicle in a specific location within the lane.
T – 3.14

42. Line of Sight/Path of Travel
Topic 2 Lesson 3
Line of Sight/Path of Travel
Line of Sight Limitations or Restrictions
When line of sight is restricted or blocked, adjust speed until visual lead, target area, and the line of sight are restored.
Target
T – 3.15

43. Effect of Speed on Vision and Steering
Topic 2 Lesson 4
Effect of Speed on Vision and Steering
VISUAL FIELDS NARROW
As speed increases:
central vision narrows and blurs
peripheral vision decreases
changes in steering will cause exaggerated vehicle movements
T – 3.16

44. Effect of Speed on Vision
Topic 2 Lesson 4
Effect of Speed on Vision
As speed increases, look farther ahead of your vehicle to increase line of sight (LOS) and search your path of travel (POT) to:
allow more time to gather information;
lengthen total visual field, giving more time for adequate response; and
place more space between other users and your vehicle so sudden steering changes are held to a minimum.
T – 3.17

45. Determining Following Intervals
Topic 2 Lesson 4
Determining Following Intervals
Fixed Object or Shadow
One Thousand One
One Thousand Two
One Thousand Three
One Thousand Four
T – 3.18

46. Time, Speed, and Distance
Topic 2 Lesson 4
Time, Speed, and Distance
Time, Speed and Distance on Dry Pavement
Vehicle Ft./Sec.
Speed Travel
Following Interval
2 Sec Sec Sec.
1/2 sec 3/4 sec Total
Steer Brake Brake
Dist Dist Dist.
30 mph f/s
88 ft ft ft.
22 ft ft ft.
40 mph f/s
116 ft ft ft.
29 ft ft ft.
50 mph f/s
148 ft ft ft.
37 ft ft ft.
60 mph f/s
176 ft ft ft.
44 ft ft ft.
70 mph f/s
208 ft ft ft.
52 ft ft ft.
Formula for approximate feet per second traveled:
Speed + ½ speed = FPS traveled
T – 3.19

47. Topic 2 Lesson 4
Following Intervals
2 Seconds… Allows driver time to steer out of problem areas at all listed speeds on a dry surface and stop before problem areas at speeds under 35 mph.
3 Seconds… Allows driver time to steer out of problem areas at all listed speeds on dry surface and stop before problem areas at speeds to 45 mph.
4 Seconds… Allows driver to steer out of problem areas at speeds up to 65 mph on dry surface and stop before problem areas at speeds to the legal limit of 65 mph.
Most factory equipped passenger car tires are not designed to steer out of problem areas at speeds beyond 75 mph. At such speeds, speed rated tires are required due to increased tire heat and reduced traction caused by excessive sidewall flexion--especially on curves or when turning.
T – 3.20

48. Space Management System
Topic 2 Lesson 4
Good Drivers Develop a Space Management System
S earch
E valuate
E xecute
i n
T ime
T-3.20a