1. THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS THIRD EDITION Copyright © 1998-2015, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA. Jean-Paul.Rodrigue@hofstra.edu You may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or redistribution permitted. For more information: http://people.hofstra.edu/geotranshttp://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans Chapter 7 – Transport and the Economy APPLICATIONS

2. Usage Conditions DO NOT COPY, TRANSLATE OR REDISTRIBUTE THIS DOCUMENT. The contents of this document can be freely used for personal or classroom use ONLY. Although the material contained in this document is freely available, it is not public domain. Its contents, in whole or in part (including graphics and datasets), cannot be copied and published in ANY form (printed or electronic) without consent. If you have accessed this document through a third party (such as a content farm), keep in mind that this party is illegally redistributing this content. Please refer to the true source (http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans) instead of the third party.http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans Permission to use any graphic material herein in any form of publication, such as an article, a book or a conference presentation, on any media must be requested prior to use. Information cited from this document should be referred as: Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2013) The Geography of Transport Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography, http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans.http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

3. THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS THIRD EDITION Application 1 The St. Lawrence Seaway and Regional Development Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

4. Locks of the Montreal – Lake Ontario Section of the Seaway prior to 1901 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. MontrealLachine Lake St. Louis CascadesCedarsCoteau Lake St. Francis Long SaultFarran PointRapide PlatIroquoisCardinalPrescott Pre 1780 1785 1805 1825 Lachine Canal 1848 Beauharnois Canal 1884 1901 Soulanges Canal Williamsburg CanalsCornwall 40x6x2.5 120x20x5 100x20x5 All 200x45x9 270x45x14 All 200x45x9 All 270x45x14 Mile Elevation (feet) 120110105978170392590 226212200140520 Lake Ontario St. Lawrence Rapid Lake Canal

5. Technical Characteristics of the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes System Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Great Lakes Seaway Duluth Sault St. Marie Welland Canal Kingston St. Lawrence Montreal Quebec Les Escoumins Atlantic Ocean Channel Estuary & Gulf 1645 km300 km484 km 1271 km 1841528832160 0 Elevation Depth > 15 10 > 15 8.2 > 15 10.5 12.5 > 15 Width > 300 24.3 > 300 24.3 > 30060 24.3 240300> 300 Capacity 150,000 and more150,00060,000 25,000 30,000 144 in meters In deadweight tons

6. Tonnage Transiting Through the St. Lawrence Seaway, 1960-2013 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

7. Composition of the Traffic Transiting Through the St. Lawrence Seaway, 1978-2011 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

8. Transit Time on Sections of the St. Lawrence Seaway Average Transit (hours) 90% of Transits within (hours) 95% of Transits within (hours) Welland Canal119-137-15 Montreal / Lake Ontario Inland Up2422-2620-28 Inland Down2220-2418-26 Ocean Up2321-2519-27 Ocean Down2220-2418-26 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

9. The St. Lawrence Seaway Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

10. THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS THIRD EDITION Application 2 The Financing of Transportation Infrastructure Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

11. Actors in Transport Finance Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Transport Finance GovernmentsPrivate LendersPrivate Investors PublicUsersBeneficiaries Capital Flow Indirect Relationship Providers Recipients

12. The Prediction of Future Outcomes Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Predictability Uncertainty Time ForecastingScenariosSpeculations 5 years 10 years New Project

13. Value Propositions behind the Interest of Equity Firms in Transport Terminals Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Diversification (Risk mitigation value) Source of income (Operational value) Asset (Intrinsic value) Terminals occupy premium locations (waterfront). Globalization made terminal assets more valuable. Traffic growth linked with valuation. Same amount of land generates a higher income. Terminals as fairly liquid assets. Income (rent) linked with the traffic volume. Constant revenue stream with limited, or predictable, seasonality. Traffic growth expectations result in income growth expectations. Sectoral and geographical asset diversification. Mitigate risks linked with a specific regional or national market.

14. Public / Private Partnership Options Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. PRIVATE RESPONSIBILITYPUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY Design Bid Build Private Contract Fee Service Design Build Build Operate Transfer (BOT) Design Build Finance Operate (DBFO) Build Own Operate (BOO) CONVENTIONALEMERGING

15. Risk Transfer and Private Sector Involvement in Public-Private Partnerships Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Design - Build Degree of Private Sector Involvement Degree of Private Sector Risk Operation & Maintenance Build-Finance Design-Build-Finance-Maintain D-B-F-M-Operate Concession Privatization PPP Models

16. Examples of Highway Public / Private Partnerships in the United States Chicago SkywayIndiana Toll Road Year 20052006 Infrastructure 7.8 miles (12.5 km) of toll urban highway with a bridge 156.9 mi (252.5 km) of toll intercity highway Leaser City of ChicagoState of Indiana Lessee Skyway Concession CompanyCintra and Macquarie consortium Lease duration 99 years75 years Amount $1.85 billion$3.85 billion Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

17. Port and Maritime Industry Finance Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Brokers Financial Markets Investors Commercial Banks Mortgage Banks Merchant Banks Finance Houses Leasing Companies Money Markets Capital Markets Equity Markets Private Placement Corporations Private Investors Investments Managers Insurance Companies Pension Funds Banks Trust Funds Finance Houses Shipping Companies Port Operators Earnings Capital

18. THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS THIRD EDITION Application 3 International Tourism and Transport Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

19. International Tourists Arrivals and Receipts, 1950-2013 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

20. Monthly International Tourist Arrivals, 2011 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

21. Share of International Tourist Arrivals by Region, 1950-2013 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

22. Visa Restrictions Index, 2011 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

23. THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS THIRD EDITION Application 4 The Cruise Industry Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

24. Global Cruise Passengers Carried, 1990-2014 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

25. Market Share of Main Cruise Lines, 2011 Carnival Cruise Lines (49.2%) Carnival (21.1%) Costa Cruises (7.2%) Princess (6.4%) AIDA (4.4%) Holland America (3.7%) Other (6.4%) Royal Caribbean Lines (23.8%) Royal Caribbean (17.0%) Celebrity (4.7%) Other (2.1%) Others (27.0%) Norwegian (7.1%) MSC Cruises (5.8%) Disney (2.9%) Star Cruises (1.8%) Other (9.4%) Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

26. The Three Fundamentals of Cruise Shipping Itineraries Attractiveness (seasonality) Customers availability and preferences Capacity Deployment Type of ship Duration Ports of Call Sequence and schedule Choice of turn port

27. Key Cruise Itinerary Design Variables Customer-related considerations (demand) Optimal length of cruise, shore time/sail time balance ‘Must see’ destinations, guest satisfaction Seasonality Synchronization with air transfers Spending behavior and budget Operational considerations (supply) Number and order of port calls Determination of turn ports (+ synchronization with air transfers) Vessel speed and vessel size Berth capacity, accessibility of ports Distances between ports of call Strategic considerations Demographics of customer base Itineraries of competing cruise operators Anticipation of growth markets Supply push to create new cruise markets Revenue-generating potential of daytrips, onboard facilities, etc..

28. Types of Cruise Itineraries Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Perennial Seasonal May to September Turn port Port of call Repositioning

29. Deployment of the Global Cruise Fleet, 2011 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

30. Deployment of the Global Cruise Fleet, 2013 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

31. Occupancy Level of North American Cruises, 2004-2011 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

32. Monthly Deployment of the Cruise Capacity, c2004 (in % of bed-days) Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

33. Share of Monthly Cruise Passengers by Region of Embarkation, 2012 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

34. Share of Monthly Cruise Passengers by Region of Destination, 2012 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

35. Cumulative Number of Monthly North American Cruise Passengers by Destination, 2004- 2011 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

36. Number of Monthly North American Cruise Passengers by Destination, 2011 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

37. Cruise Source Markets, 2010 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

38. Cruise Source Markets, 2013 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

39. Revenue and Expenses per Average Cruiser, 2011 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

40. Duration of North American Cruises (in nights), 2011 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

41. Typology of Cruise Ports CriteriaElements Market regionRegional markets SizeHuge (More than 1 million visits); Very Large (500,000 to 1 million visits); Large (250,000 to 500,000 visits); Medium (100,000 to 250,000 visits); Small (Less than 100,000 visits) SeasonalityLow (perennial port; 4 peak months less than 40% of visits); Average (4 peak months 40 to 60% of visits); High (4 peak months 60 to 80% of visits); Very high (4 peak months more than 80% of visits) Function in itineraryTurn port; Call port AccessibilityAir hub port; Drive / Train to port AttractivenessMarquee (“must see”) port; “Discovery port” Cruise TerminalDedicated terminal; Dedicated pier; Tendering Ownership and operationsPublic; Private; Concession Local and regional integrationDestination port; Gateway port; Balanced port Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

42. The Global Cruise Port System Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

43. Most Active Cruise Ports by Passenger Visits, 2011 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

44. Most Active Cruise Ports by Passenger Visits, 2012 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

45. Cruise Passengers Visits, Caribbean, 2012 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

46. Selected Cruise Itineraries, Caribbean Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

47. Private Islands in the Caribbean Owned by Cruise Lines IslandCountryOwnerPassengers (2012) Castaway CayBahamasDisney Cruises346,000 Coco CayBahamasRoyal Caribbean Cruises573,000 Half Moon CayBahamasHolland America Cruises450,000 LabadeeHaitiRoyal Caribbean Cruises520,000 Princess CayBahamasPrincess Cruises207,000 Great Stirrup CayBahamasNorwegian Cruises392,000 Catalina IslandDominican RepublicCosta Cruises80,000 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

48. Cruise Passengers by Port of Departure, North America, 2011 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

49. Cruise Passengers Visits, Mediterranean, 2012 Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

50. Selected Cruise Itineraries, Mediterranean Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

51. THE GEOGRAPHY OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS THIRD EDITION Application 5 The Economic Impacts of Port Investments Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

52. The Port as a Funnel to Economic Development Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Direct Indirect Induced Port services Transport services Port users (import and export firms) Economic multipliers Economic opportunities PORT

53. Range of Port Infrastructure Investments Copyright © 1998-2015, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use. Maritime Access Pier Access Transshipment Yard / Storage Gate Access Inland Access Port ContinuumHard Infrastructures Soft Infrastructures Navigation channels, breakwater, buoys, tugs Piers, moorings Cranes Yard equipment (gantries), storage sheds, warehouses, maintenance equipment Local road and rail connectors Gate, security equipment, administrative offices Port navigation systems