2. Metabolism I. The nature of energy A. 2 kinds of E B. First law of thermodynamics C. Second law of thermodynamics II. The nature of metabolism A. Energy changes in metabolic reactions: endergonic and exergonic B. Metabolic pathways: 2 types III. ATP: the main Energy carrier A. Structure and function of ATP B. The ATP/ADP cycle IV. Enzymes A. Enzyme structure and function B. Effects of temperature and pH on enzymes V. Cell Membranes

3. I. The nature of energy A. 2 kinds of E B. First law of thermodynamics A. 2 kinds of energy potentialkinetic B. First law Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Implications of First Law: 1. The energy of the Universe is a constant. 2. The energy of the Universe has existed forever.

4. C. Second law of thermodynamics Entropy: a measure of disorganization in a system Closed system: no energy input from outside source Open system: receives energy input from outside source One way flow: in as light energy– out as heat energy *Kinetic energy = Heat energy + Free Energy In every energy exchange, there is a loss as heat energy. Heat energy is a loss because it cannot do the work of the cell. Energy flow through an Ecosystem. Primary producers get the energy first and convert it into chemical energy on which the rest of the ecosystem depends. Transfer: 90% loss – 10% capture

5. II. The nature of metabolism A. Energy changes in metabolic reactions: endergonic and exergonic B. Metabolic pathways: 2 types E in endergonic E out exergonic Exergonic graph? B. Metabolic pathways Metabolic pathwaysMetabolic pathways Catabolism: break down Anabolism: synthesis coupled rx A-B A + B A + B A-B Energy from exergonic rx used to drive endergonic rx. endergonic rx.

7. A cow must eat at least 100 pounds of grain to gain less than 10 pounds of muscle tissue. This illustrates a.the first law of thermodynamics. b.the second law of thermodynamics. c.that some energy is destroyed in every energy conversion. d.that energy transformations are typically 100% efficient.

8. Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing a. chemical energy into potential energy. b. kinetic energy into chemical energy. c. chemical energy into kinetic energy. d. kinetic energy into potential energy.

9. The energy available to do work is a. free energy b. kinetic energy c. heat energy d. potential energy

10. Which of the following is correct? a. kinetic energy = potential energy + heat energy b. kinetic energy = free energy + potential energy c. kinetic energy = free energy + heat energy d. kinetic energy = kinetic energy + free energy

11. Which one of the following processes is endergonic? a.the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water b.the release of heat from the breakdown of glucose c.the breakdown of glucose to power ATP formation d.the burning of wood

12. Reasons why ATP is such a good energy carrier 1. Small easily stored easily stored mobile mobile 2. Easily regenerated 3. Energy transferred phosphorylation phosphorylation 4. Energy transferred is roughly the amount needed roughly the amount needed III. ATP: the main energy carrier

13. Loss of heat energy!!!! (e.g. digestion)

14. III. ATP: the main energy carrier Work of the Cell

15. Photosynthesis and respiration PS: anabolic RS: catabolic The products of ps are the reactants of rs. reactants of rs. Glucose = potential energy In RS, the potential energy of glucose is converted into the potential energy of ATP which can then be hydrolyzed to provide free energy for cellular work. of ATP which can then be hydrolyzed to provide free energy for cellular work. They are coupled reactions!

16. Which of the following is NOT a reason why ATP is such a good energy carrier? a.ATP is small and thus easily stored b.ATP is easily regenerated c.The energy from ATP can be transferred d.ATP converts potential energy into free energy e.The energy released by ATP is roughly equivalent to that which is needed.

17. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement? a.Photosynthesis and respiration are coupled reactions b.Photosynthesis is anabolic and respiration is catabolic c.The products of respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis d. Plants do both photosynthesis and respiration

18. IV. Enzymes Facilitate metabolic reactions Neutralize toxins Enzymes work by lowering the energy barrier required for energy barrier required for reactions to take place. reactions to take place. Many reactions would go without enzymes, but would use too much energy and take but would use too much energy and take too much time. too much time. (substrates)

19. IV. Enzymes A. Enzyme structure and function Catabolic or anabolic? Hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis? (- ase ending)

20. Enzyme control and inhibition Feedback inhibition Feedback inhibition site

21. Effect of temp and pH on enzyme activity Enzymes are denatured at high temperature and high and low pH.

22. What do enzymes NOT do? a.Use potential energy to break chemical bonds b.Convert products into reactants c.Convert reactants into products d.Lower the activation energy required for chemical reactions to go. e. Detoxify toxins

23. Which of the following conditions does NOT result in enzyme denaturation? a. very high temperature away from optimum b. very low temperature away from optimum c. very high pH away from optimum d. very low pH away from optimum

24. An enzyme that is exposed to high heat far from its optimum activation temperature experiences the breakage of what type of bonds? a. Covalent b. Hydrogen c. Ionic d. Peptide

25. V. Cell membranes: anatomy and physiology A. Membrane structure and function 1. main components: phospholipids and proteins Phospholipid bilayer ECF/ ICF (extracellular fluid/ intracellular fluid) Hydrophobic barrier

26. 2. Fluid Mosaic Model

27. Roles of proteins Self- antigens

28. B. Movement across the membrane 1. passive transport: diffusion and osmosis 2. active transport Solutes, solvents, solutions Movement of like species from area of high concentration to low [ ] Passive transport requires no energy Only requirement is for a [ ] gradient Facilitated diffusion uses transport proteins to effect transport proteins to effect passive transport of ions and passive transport of ions and polar molecules. polar molecules.

29. 1. passive transport Osmosis = movement of a solvent from area of low [solute] to high [solute] across a differentially (selectively) permeable membrane Hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions

30. 2. active transport Requires energy and protein pumps ATP Movement is with disregard to the [ ] gradient

31. Transport summary

32. What does the phospholipids bilayer create? a.a passage for polar substances into the cell b.a hydrophilic environment to separate the ECF and ICF c.a barrier to the movement of cholesterol d.a hydrophobic barrier to the movement of charged compounds

33. What is always necessary for passive transport to take place? a. energy from ATP b. transport proteins c. ions or polar molecules d. a concentration gradient

34. Under which of these conditions will water move into a cell? a. cell is in isotonic solution b. cell is in hypertonic solution c. cell is in hypotonic solution d. none of these

35. 3. Cellular communication Signal transduction

36. 4. Electron transport systems Electron donor Final electron acceptor

38. The end