1. Geronimo DVD Monday

2.  Geronimo’s surrender ended 25 years of war  Promised 2 years of imprisonment  Taken to Fort Bowie along with those who helped Army find Geronimo along with those who helped Army find Geronimo  General Miles over ruled terms of surrender  2 years stretched to 27

3.  First taken to Florida As far as possible As far as possible  All children over 12 taken to Carlisle Indian school in Pennsylvania  Tom Torlino - Navajo

4.  Next stop of imprisonment  Mobile Alabama  Then moved to Fort Sill Oklahoma 1896 From several thousand at contact From several thousand at contact 388 in1896 388 in1896  In 1913 Chiricachua released  Forced of land in Oklahoma  A few remained as individual farmers  Others to the Mescalero Reservation

5. Sand Creek John Chivington Methodist Minister and Indian Killer

6.  After the civil war for a brief time the idea of a continued extermination policy was pushed  But, memory of all the death and destruction of Civil War led to pressure for a change  Senator Doolittle Chair of Committee on Indian Affairs Chair of Committee on Indian Affairs  Led an investigation into native people

7. Doolittle Commission and the Peace Policy  Report on the Condition of Indian Tribes  Doolittle report pointed out that Native Americans  Faced major problems because of Civil War and following white invasion  Native populations were declining due to  Disease  Warfare  Lack of food

8.  Urged Government to end  White encroachment onto Indian Land  President Johnson meanwhile had been placing religious people into positions as Indian Agents  Hoping to break the corruption that existed in the  President also created a Peace commission to tour the west to identify and solve problems

9.  After tour the commission urged the government to stop making treaties with all native Nations  1871 congressed passed and act to end treaty making  Native Americans would no longer  “be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with who the United States may contract by treaty”  A unilateral decision  Native Americans never intentionally surrendered sovereignty

10.  Attack on sovereignty mirrored continued attack on Indian territory  1870s  Government carved out several new Indian agencies from lands owned by Cherokees Choctaws Chickasaws etc.

11.  Most pushed out of Kansas  “a set of miserable, dirty, lousy, blanketed, thieving, lying, sneaking, murdering, graceless, faithless, gut-eating skunks ”  Kansas newspaper editor  Few who remained were attacked, murdered or burned out

12.  Together on the Quapaw Agency  Example of confused and camped conditions  Near Tahlequah, Cherokee capital,  government settled  Wyndaots  Quapaws  Senecas  Shawnees  Pawnees  Peories  Miamies  Ottawas  Modoc

13.  Nations used the era of reconstruction to begin healing some of the schisms  All under the watchful eye of the federal agents  At the same time more pressure was being brought to limit even the limited control Native Americans had in Indian Territory

14.  1870 Senator Benjamin F. Rice Arkansas Arkansas  Offered a bill to organize  Territory of Oklahoma  Native Nations in Indian Territory  Gathered together at an intertribal council in Okmulgee  Put together constitution for a native state  Congress refused Recognized some native sovereignty Recognized some native sovereignty  By 1907 state of Oklahoma formed

15.  Tribes of the Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, and Northwest  Watching and learning  Natives in Indian territory had many years of experience with the government Knew they took whatever they could Knew they took whatever they could  Those further west still powerful and ready to defend their land

16. The first and most deadly invasion  Possibly half plains population died 1779-91 in small pox epidemic Stuck again in 1801-2, 1816, 1819 Stuck again in 1801-2, 1816, 1819  June 1837 American Steamboat docked at a Mandan Village on upper Missouri River Within weeks people began to die Within weeks people began to die  “I keep no A/C of the dead, as they die so fast it is impossible”  Francis Chadran trader  1738 approx 15,000  October 1837 138

17. Resistance on the southern plains

18.  October 1865  Meeting between American Government and nations of southern plains  Central Indian Superintendent of Indian Affairs Thomas Murphy  General William S Harney  Black Kettle, Little Raven, Poor Bear and others represented the Kiowa-Apache

19. Band leadership not tribal Native Americans act in good faith As do whites Give up land Arrange for 2 reservations

20.  Doesn’t get ratified by government  Pressure from white settlers  Bands not at treaty, and some who were, begin to fight back  To defend their territory  Two agents appeal for peace  Some natives agree some don’t

21.  1867 Winfield Scott Hancock  Determined to end troubles  Told agents going to take military campaign onto plains  To awe submission  Wanted to parley but will fight

22.  Heads into western Kansas  Met a few Oglala and Sioux near fort Larnard  Close by Cheyenne and Arapaho village approx. 250 tipi approx. 250 tipi  Cheyenne and Arapaho were in middle of sacred right  renewing medicine arrows  Hancock thought they were stalling

23.  Hancock ordered men to march on camp  Knowledge of Sand Creek led some warriors to retaliate for march, attacked whites  Hancock used attacks as an excuse and destroyed the village  Offered an ultimatum  War or peace

24.  Kiowa, Comanche, Arapaho, Cheyenne and Kiowa-Apache rose up in war against blue coats  Closed all trails west  Kansas-Nebraska railroad could not survey  A number of Lakota joined  Hancock sent Custer to punish the Lakota  He couldn’t find them

25. War continued throughout 1867 By October steps were made towards peace Whites too numerous and could not be stopped Buffalo soon be gone Only future far Native Americans was “civilization”

26.  After many days of discussion  Native Americans agreed to peace secured hunting rights secured hunting rights relocate to two large reservations relocate to two large reservations  But conflict and small incidents continued  American government failed to live up to their part  Food and supplies not delivered  1872 reservation shrunk by government

27.  September 17 1868  General Sheridan ordered Major Forsyth to punish “troublesome” Cheyenne  Ran into a force of Cheyenne Dog Soldier  Indians trapped Soldier on Beechers Island for eight days, killed six and wounded five  Eventually saved by the arrival of 10 th cavalry – Buffalo Soldiers

28.  Beecher Island not of great importance itself but  Signaled intent of army to pursue Native Americans throughout the plains  November 27, 1868  Custer caught Black Kettle and a village of Cheyenne off guard near Washita village in western Indian territory

29.  Custer attacked quickly  Killed 102 Cheyenne  800 Cheyenne horses  Burned 51 tipi’s took 53 women and children captive  This will happen to you if you don’t behave  US Army Battle of Washita  Native Americans Washita Massacre

31. War continued throughout 1867 By October steps were made towards peace Whites too numerous and could not be stopped Buffalo soon be gone Only future for Native Americans was “civilization”

32.  After many days of discussion  Native Americans agreed to peace secured hunting rights secured hunting rights relocate to two large reservations relocate to two large reservations  But conflict and small incidents continued  American government failed to live up to their part  Food and supplies not delivered  1872 reservation shrunk by government

33.  September 17 1868  General Sheridan ordered Major Forsyth to punish “troublesome” Cheyenne  Ran into a force of Cheyenne Dog Soldier  Indians trapped Soldier on Beechers Island for eight days, killed six and wounded five  Eventually saved by the arrival of 10 th cavalry – Buffalo Soldiers

34.  Beecher Island not of great importance itself but  Signaled intent of army to pursue Native Americans throughout the plains  November 27, 1868  Custer caught Black Kettle and a village of Cheyenne off guard near Washita village in western Indian territory

35.  Custer attacked quickly  Killed 102 Cheyenne  800 Cheyenne horses  Burned 51 tipi’s took 53 women and children captive  This will happen to you if you don’t behave  US Army Battle of Washita  Native Americans Washita Massacre

36.  End December many nations had ended hostilities  Some Cheyenne west of the Wichita mountains continued to live traditional lifestyle  Quahada band of Commanch led by Quannah Parker  Remained free and fighting

37.  As more Cheyenne ended hostilities  “Dog Soldiers” moved north to join Lakota  “A man could not even court a girl unless he had proved his courage. That was one reason so many were anxious to win good war records.... They were all afraid of what people, and especially the women, would say if they were cowardly. The women even had a song they would sing about a man whose courage had failed him: "If you are afraid when you charge, turn back. The Desert Women will eat you."...It was hard to go into a fight, and they were often afraid, but it was worse to turn back and face the women.”  John Stands in Timber

38.  Kiowa group Under leader’s Satanta, Big Tree, Satank Under leader’s Satanta, Big Tree, Satank  Attacked a wagon train and killed several whites  Arrested and sent to Texas for trial Satank was killed resisting arrest Satank was killed resisting arrest Satanta, Big Tree sentenced to hang Satanta, Big Tree sentenced to hang Governor commuted to life Governor commuted to life  Federal government agreed to release them if the Kiowa and Comanche return to and remain on reservation

39.  Return to Reservation spurred the last gasp of resistance  Over the next couple of months cavalry and mounted natives battled Red River Wars Red River Wars  Aug – December 1874 major pressure  Finally Quanah Parker would be persuaded to be stop fighting and the Red River Wars were over

40. Northern Plains