1. 1 Human-Centered Design I Presented by: Craig Titus EPICS High Workshop – Summer 2010 Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus

2. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Learning Objectives At the end of this session, you will be able to: 1.Explain to others the nature and value of HCD 1.Understand the logical system of HCD 2.Understand the language of HCD 1.Help guide your students through an HCD 2.Think of ways to implement HCD in your programs

3. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Activity 5-minute activity: Think about (and write down) the process you go through when you write an essay. How do you come up with your theses and main points? What steps do you go through? Is it linear or iterative? Do you get the focus and the details right the first time? Do you do drafts and revisions? When you turn it in, is that always the end of it?

4. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Design Processes There are many different design process models Descriptive, not prescriptive Non-linear/iterative EPICS teaches a model that fits out community-based design

5. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus EPICS Design Process Six Phases 1.Problem Identification 2.Specification Development 3.Conceptual Design 4.Detailed Design 5.Delivery 6.Service/Maintenance 7.Redesign or retirement

6. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Design Processes Specification Development Detailed Design Production Service Maintenance Redesign Retirement Problem Identification Conceptual Design Disposal

7. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus EPICS Design Process

8. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Project Identification Phase Project Identification Phase: Goal is to identify a specific, compelling need to be addressed Common tasks  Conduct needs assessment (if need not already defined)  Identify stakeholders (customer, users, person maintaining project, etc.)  Define basic stakeholder requirements (objectives or goals of projects and constraints)  Determine time constraints of the project Gate 1: Continue if have identified appropriate EPICS project that meets a compelling need

9. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Project Identification Phase Tasks: 1.Conduct Needs Assessment 2.Describe Social Context in which project partner operates 3.Identify outcomes or deliverables 4.Determine duration of project

10. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Social Context Understanding the social challenge addressed by the project partner and the client served What is the mission of my project partner? Describe the clients that your project partner serves and the particular challenges these clients face in their situation Are there stereotypes or prejudices associated with these clients? What about socio-economic status (especially issues of poverty and lack of resources), gender, race, ethnicity and/or physical or cognitive disability? Does your project partner have a religious affiliation?

11. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Social Context Understanding the project partner as an organization What governing body or persons govern the behavior of my project partner? How is my project partner funded? What constraints do funding put on the organization? What institution(s) impact the patterns of behaviors expected of my project partner and how the organization responds to particular social issue (i.e., family, education, economic, political, religious, health-care, social service)? Are there regulations (city, county, state, federal, and/or professional) that dictate the behavior or guide the operation of my project partner?

12. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Specification Development Phase Specification Development Phase: Goal is to understand “what” is needed by understanding the context, stakeholders, requirements of the project, and why current solutions don’t meet need, and to develop measurable criteria in which design concepts can be evaluated.  Understand and describe context (current situation and environment)  Create stakeholder profiles  Create mock-ups and simple prototypes: quick, low-cost, multiple cycles incorporating feedback  Develop a task analysis and define how users will interact with project (user scenarios)  Compare to benchmark products (prior art)  Develop customer specifications and evaluation criteria; get project partner approval Gate 2: Continue if project partner and advisor agree that have identified the “right” need, and if no existing commercial products meet design specifications.

13. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Specification Development Phase Tasks: Basic functional decomposition User interaction – crude prototypes as communication devices Benchmark research Customer specifications development Develop Design Specifications - MEASURABLE

14. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Conceptual Design Phase Conceptual Design Phase: Goal is to expand the design space to include as many solutions as possible. Evaluate different approaches and selecting “best” one to move forward. Exploring “how”.  Conduct Functional Decomposition  Brainstorm several possible solutions  Create prototypes of multiple concepts, get feedback from users, refine specifications  Evaluate feasibility of potential solutions (proof-of-concept prototypes); select one to move forward Gate 3: Continue if project partner and advisor agree that solution space has been appropriately explored and the best solution has been chosen.

15. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Conceptual Design Phase Tasks: 1.Generate potential solutions 1.Brainstorm (more on next slide) 2.Potential solution analysis 1.Proof of concept/quick prototype 3.Choose best solution 4.Project Partner approval

16. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Brainstorming – SCAMPER Substitute – can you use a different method, device, or material or changed the environment? Combine – can you combine ideas together to produce a better idea? Adapt – what ideas are similar that could be emulated or adapted to fit the current need? Modify, Minify, Magnify – can you change the current idea, make it smaller or larger in some way? Put to other uses – can you use the idea in a new way? Eliminate – are there any ideas that have been shown to not work? Reverse, Rearrange – would an opposing idea give you additional information, or can you interchange the key elements of the idea to form a new one?

17. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Creativity Try to develop a “whole system” view through many perspectives What ideas do you have if you relax some requirements Individual and group processes are important and developed through reflective thinking Be comfortable with uncertainty Be willing to make decisions.

18. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Seeking and Selecting Divergence Convergence Expand possibilitiesNarrow Focus Name the problem

19. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Detailed Design Phase Detailed Design Phase: Goal is to design working prototype which meets functional specifications. Common tasks  Design/analysis/evaluation of project, sub-modules and/or components (freeze interfaces  Complete DFMEA analysis of project  Prototyping of project, sub-modules and/or components  Field test prototype/usability testing Gate 4: Continue if can demonstrate feasibility of solution (is there a working prototype?). Project Partner and advisor approval required.

20. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Detailed Design Phase Tasks: 1.Bottom-up Development 2.Design/analysis/evaluation of project and components 3.Prototyping of project 4.Field testing 5.Design for failure mode and effect analysis (DFMEA)

21. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Delivery Phase Delivery Phase Tasks: Goal is to refine detailed design so as to produce a product that is ready to be delivered! In addition, the goal is to develop user manuals and training materials. Common tasks: Complete user manuals/training material Complete usability and reliability testing Complete delivery review Gate 5: Continue if Project Partner, Advisor and EPICS Admin agree that project is ready for delivery!

22. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Delivery Phase Tasks: 1.Complete deliverable version of project 2.User training manuals 3.Delivery review 4.Project partner/Advisor/EPICS admin approval

23. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Service/Maintenance Phase Service/Maintenance Phase Tasks Common tasks: Evaluate performance of fielded project Determine what resources are necessary to support and maintain the project Gate 6: Project Partner and Advisor approve continued fielding of project. If not, retire or redesign.

24. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Retirement or Redesign Phase Retirement or Redesign

25. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Design Processes Generate Ideas Define Measurable Specifications Implement Test

26. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Design Processes Generate Ideas Define Measurable Specifications Implement Test Go to next phase

27. Lecture: Human-Centered Design Presented By: Craig Titus Design Processes Generate Ideas Define Measurable Specifications Implement Test Back to previous phase