1. subjectivism for

2. objectivism and subjectivism An objective truth is one that is true independently of how humans happen to think or feel about it. Objectivism: There are at least some objective moral truths. Subjectivism: There are no objective moral truths. “X is right” means “I approve of X”. “X is wrong” means “I disapprove of X”.

3. the toleration argument 1. Objectivism requires intolerance. 2. Intolerance is bad. 3. [So] Objectivism is false.

4. the “no proof” argument …Science provides our paradigm of objectivity, and when we compare ethics to science, ethics seems to lack the features that make science so compelling. For example, it seems a great deficiency that there are no proofs in ethics. We can prove that the worlds is round, that there is no largest prime number, and that dinosaurs lived before humans. But can we prove that abortion is right or wrong? The general idea that moral judgments can’t be proved sounds appealing…

5. the “no proof” argument 1. Moral claims cannot be proved. 2. If moral claims cannot be proved, then there are no objective moral truths. 3. [So] There are no objective moral truths.

6. the “no proof” argument

7. Godel’s Incompleteness Theorem: For any consistent formal theory that proves basic arithmetical truths, it is possible to construct an arithmetical statement that is true but not provable in the theory.

8. the “no proof” argument 1. Moral claims cannot be proved. 2. If moral claims cannot be proved, then there are no objective moral truths. 3. [So] There are no objective moral truths.