1. testosterone juvenile hormone? corticosterone Gibberellins (+) abscisic acid (-) Environment Behavior physiology

2. 0153045 0 10 20 30 40 50 time (min) CORT (ng/ml) STRESSOR hypothalamus pituitary adrenal GLUCOCORTICOIDS Target tissue

3. Corticosteroid Binding Globulin (CBG) STRESSOR hypothalamus pituitary adrenal GLUCOCORTICOIDS Target tissue CBG

4. Laysan Albatross

5. Kilauea Point NWR, Kauai Albatross Hill

6. Albatross development time-line ~November ~January~July~June Mom lays egg Egg Hatches Chick grows (body growth) incubation Fledge! wing growth

8. Albatross development time-line ~November ~January~July~June Mom lays egg Egg Hatches Chick grows (body growth) incubation Fledge! wing growth condition

9. ~November ~January~July~June Mom lays egg Egg Hatches Chick grows (body growth) incubation Fledge! wing growth -Late in the season, food availability is unpredictable -Body condition declines →CORT may go up with declining body condition! →CORT is elevated in some species before fledge ? What is the relationship between morphology, stress physiology, and fledging? Albatross development time-line condition

10. Capture chicks (n = 14) every 4 days Morphological measurements (mass, wing length, tarsus, culmen) Blood samples Fledge Date

11. Growth measures Wing LengthTarsus Length Days before fledgiing

12. Linear Mixed Effects Model, p < 0.0001 Body Condition

13. CORT CBG

14. Free CORT

15. Correlation poor good Body Condition v. free CORT

16. Experimental Manipulation Captured chicks same as in first group (n = 8) Morphological measurements, blood samples Normal weight loss = 100-300g/4 days Fed chicks ~150g squid every 4 days

17. LME, p < 0.0001 Body Condition – unfed

18. * Fed birds still declined in body condition, but significantly less (LME, p < 0.05) Body Condition – unfed v. fed

19. CORTCBG Unfedv. Fed

20. t-test, p < 0.0001 Free CORT

21. Age at Fledging

22. Summary Approaching fledging, we see... ↓ Body Condition Accompanied by ↑CORT and ↓CBG – resulting in ↑↑ free CORT Body condition negatively correlated with free CORT Feeding... Reduction in the ↑CORT and ↓CBG, resulting in ↔ free CORT Delays fledging by average of 9 days

23. TimeFledge at longest wing length Body Condition Fledge Free CORT Fledge Threshold Fledge

26. Good Critical Body Condition Total CORT CBG capacity Nest abandonment Predictable Fasting in Albatross 2.02.53.03.5 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 goodpoor Body Condition (mass/culmen*100) CBG (nM specific binding) CBG