1. Distributed Micro Generation Trinity College Dublin Mr. Wayne O’Connell oconnew@tcd.ie 086 406 9902

2. Developing Energy Background Developing Research Goals Trinity College R&D 3 year project goals / Summary Agenda

3. 1880-1900 A Golden age of Electricity Provisioning Thomas Edison Charles Parsons Nikola Tesla TCD Population 1885 = 1.45bn

4. 2010 World Electrical Grid Penetration OECD/IEA 2010 Off- Grid Population, 1.45bn

5. Biomass as a Primary Energy Source

6. Costs of Biomass 500m fires lamps / every night –Mother/child mortality –Accidents –Deforestation –CO 2 emissions / Black Soot –Violence Child cooking in kitchen hut Cooking Technology Homemade paraffin lamp

7. If you could change the price of one thing in the developing world to alleviate poverty by far you would pick energy … Bill Gates, 2010 Cost of No Access GDP / Energy Consumption

8. Universal Modern Energy Access Electricity Cooking UMEAC = 250kWhr /year - $33bn for 20 yrs

9. Define Project Outcome –Physical Processes Available –Needs Assessment Understand Resources available –Technology –People –Money Additional Constraints –Pollution –Economics Scale Research Goals

10. What is Energy –What do we mean when we want to deliver or provision energy? Important things to consider –Amount required –Cost to generate / convert –Cost to operate Adverse impacts? Outcomes

11. Needs Assessment Vs UMEAC (BoP) What is required to deliver base level services 75 W Hr/ day = 25 kWhr / year Assumes Biomass/Solar for Cooking Compare to UMEAC = 250kW/hr Scope for Baseline energy Delivery to get people on the ladder at much lower cost !!! Device#Voltage (V) Time (hrs) Current( A) Energy (Whr) LEDs23.740.3512 Phone13.720.53 Fan21250.212 Radio163023 OLPC173318 TotalInc..50%buffer75

12. Stove Technology Rocket Stove Gasifier Stove Fuel Oil StoveCharcoal Stove

13. The A Solution !! Waste Heat (75%-90%) Heat for Electricity (3-5%) Charcoal (Biochar) for Fertilizer Carbon Negative Heat for Cooking (10-20%)

14. Lots of experience on nano-materials which are vital for next gen thermo- electrics –CRANN –Materials Indentified / Screening Accomplished Engineering Tradition (ZT / $) –Centre For Energy Devices –Collaboration with Bio-Engineering to develop differentiated low cost high temperature device Thermal Conductivity Instrumentation Design Capability Ongoing Collaboration with developing world –Irish DFA (Malawi) –Clinton Global Initiative –Strong industrial relationships - INTEL Brand Trinity open doors overseas for collaboration –Irish Aid / European Commission / Center For Climate Justice –Open Carb Why University/Trinity Research

15. Thermoelectricity Direct Heat Conversion to Electricity Snyder, “Complex Thermoelectric Materials”

17. Thermal Resistance Effective Thermal Conductivity R. Kempers, P. Kolodner, A. Lyons & A.J. Robinson, 2008, “A High-Precision Apparatus for the Characterization of Thermal Interface Materials” Review of Scientific Instruments, 80, 095111(2009). doi:10.1063/1.3193715 Unique Features  Precision calibrated thermistors; temperature uncertainty of ±0.001K  Robust uncertainty analysis for all measured and calculated quantities  Simultaneous measurement of electrical resistance Thermal Conductivity Most Accurate in Ireland (plane perpendicular) Phase 2 (Tony Robinson)  Films / Nanowires  Test Concept Development  In plane  Combined ZT  Biggest Challenge  Personnel Resources (New Blood /Grep /IRCSET) ????

18. TCD Stove Characterization

19. Bio-Engineering Collaboration Opp. Early Discussion with Kevin (O’Kelly) Leverage institutional knowledge of functional ceramics –Joints Kevin has relationships with Schvets/Gunkos synthesis Post Doc from a sabbatical partner Device Development, 2-3 stage process –Goal is 1/10 the cost of existing devices at > 50% of output Absolutely disruptive !!! (Not just for this application _ –Co-Generation, Industrial Energy Harvesting

20. Stove –1.0 – 3 T CO 2 offset per year ($20-$60) –80% + reduction in particulates/ IAP Reduction in CO and other VOC’s Impact on Bronchial Health –Reduction in Time Spent Collecting Wood Reduced burden on women and children Deforestation –Crop Fertilization (if gassifier/biochar used) Carbon Sequestration (500 yr lifetime) Electricity –Night Light = 3 Extra Hours –Mobile Phones / Laptop = Information Age –Income Generation / Socialization / Comfort – System Benefits

21. Key Differentiation of future TCD Device FeaturesAdvantageBenefits Ferrite TEG MaterialLow CostDevice Cost Reduction (Ceramic)Material AbundanceFuture Cost Trajectory/Scale Material RobustnessLong life implies lower op cost per installed capital $ High Temp CapabilityReduces Engineering integration Cost Compared to current material Ceramic Material Sandwich Well understood manuf. process Low Cost and Scalable process Direct Sintering of Heat Sink to TEG Reduced System cost through simplified thermal eng

22. 3 yr Goals Year 1 – 3 W Power Plant (Rocket) 10 Whr battery Storage 2 LED / Mobile Phone / Radio System Validation Proof of Concept and Utilization in Malawi Year 2 – 10W Power Plant (30Whr Storage) 50% x cost / efficiency improvement Gasifier / Fuel Oil Versions Biochar / Fertilizer Model Franchisee Model Solar Demonstration Patent Portfolio CDM Application Year 3 – 20W Power Plant (250Whr Storage) Solar/Thermal Combination Electric Devices Distribution

23. Power3W10W25W Energy Capacity 10Wh30Whr75Whr Year 1 BoM$100$125 $ 200 Year 1 Price$150$185- Year 2 BoM$50$70$100 Year 2 Price$70$105$150 Year 3 BoM$20$35$68 Year 3 Price$30$50$105 Device RoadMap Cost $37.5 bn for 300m stoves (1.5 m users)

24. Universal Modern Energy Access Case Electricity Cooking Reducing the Cost of Electricity Access

25. Globally - Who is resourced to Pay (Capoor and Ambrosi, 2009) CarbonFossil Fuel Sub PhilanthropyMobile/ICT

26. In Summary Today more people lack access to electricity than were alive when Edison invented modern electricity provisioning Access to energy/electricity is one of the key determinants of developing world growth Micro-Generation from Biomass is a viable low cost strategy for 1 st level electricity/energy delivery to the BoP Trinity is determined to play a leading academic social and economic role in topical energy programme with our development partner(s), Irish Aid

27. Team (TCD) Tony Robinson/ Kempers et al –PI/Lecturer in Thermodynamics/Test Chloe Kinsella / Sean ?Shane –Gold Medal TCD Graduate - M.Sc. Student ESBi - Energy Trading Seamus O’Shaughnessy/Aonghus –Heat & Mass Transfer Maurice Deasy –MSc Student Igor Schvets / John Boland –CRANN (Materials) Kevin O’Kelly et al –Bioengineering