1. Energy http://www.radiantsolar.us/images/common/energy-supply.jpg TPES

2. Energy Sources and their Greenhouse Gas Emissions http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp09.htm IGCC: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle LNG C-C: Liquefied Natural Gas with Carbon Capture

3. Coal Advantages: One of the most abundant energy sources Versatile; can be burned directly, transformed into liquid, gas, or feedstock Inexpensive compared to other energy sources Leading source of electricity today Reduces dependence on foreign oil Very large amounts of electricity can be generated in one place, fairly cheaply. Estimates of # of years left of reserves: 400 yrs Made almost entirely of carbon

4. Coal Disadvantages A coal plant generates about 3,700,000 tons of carbon dioxide every year; this is one of the main causes of global warming. (Composition: mainly carbon) A single coal plant creates 10,000 tons of sulfur dioxide, which causes acid rain that damages forests, lakes, and buildings. When people dig for coal, they cut down many trees. A coal plant also creates 720 tons of carbon monoxide; which causes headaches and place additional stress on people with heart disease. Cultivating coal is a very dangerous job - many men and women die each year in coal mine related failures and accidents

5. Crude Oil Oil is one of the most abundant energy resources Liquid form of oil makes it easy to transport and use Oil has high heating value Relatively inexpensive No new technology needed to use Advantages http://www.spsu.edu/tmgt/vasa- sideris/MGNT4125/ADVANTAGES_AND_DISADVANTAGES_OF_ENERGY_SOURCES.htm

6. Disadvantages Oil burning leads to carbon emissions (hydrocarbon) Finite resources (some disagree) Oil recovery processes not efficient enough—technology needs to be developed to provide better yields Oil drilling endangers the environment and ecosystems Oil transportation (by ship) can lead to spills, causing environmental and ecological damage Dependency of unstable governments Finite: controversy about how finite

7. Natural Gas (Methane CH 4 ) Burns clean compared to coal, oil (less polluting) 70% less carbon dioxide compared to other fossil fuels (more carbon than hydrogen compared to crude oil) Helps improve quality of air and water (not a pollutant) Does not produce ashes after energy release Has high heating value of 24,000 Btu per pound Inexpensive compared to coal Advantages

8. Does produce greenhouse gases Not a renewable source Finite resource trapped in the earth (some experts disagree) Controversy about hydrofracking’s impact on the environment Natural Gas (Methane CH 4 ) Disadvantages

9. Biofuels and Greenhouse Gas Emissions http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ethanol/emissions.html Corn Ethanol: Not much savings– a result of agribusiness lobbying

10. Wind Energy: Part of a turbine http://www.njcleanenergy.com/files/image/wind- turbine.jpg http://www.allstar.fiu.e du/aero/images/pic5- 1.gif

11. http://www.generatorguide.net/howgenerator works.html How a generator works

12. Advantages of Wind Energy: Wind energy is friendly to the surrounding environment, as no fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity from wind energy. Newer technologies are making the extraction of wind energy much more efficient. The wind is free, and we are able to cash in on this free source of energy. Wind turbines are a great resource to generate energy in remote locations, such as mountain communities and remote countryside.

13. Disadvantages: Unreliable. In many areas, the winds strength is too low to support a wind turbine or wind farm. Intermittent– not always windy. Difficult to store excess electricity. The bigger the turbine the more efficient-very windy high up and large blades, more energy captured Need to update power grid to transport electricity to from wind turbine to places where it’s not windy Wind turbine construction can be very expensive. Protests and/or petitions usually confront any proposed wind farm development.

14. where: Power= Power available from the wind (W);  = air density (kg/m 3 ); v=wind velocity (m/s); R=Length of blade Area= area that the turbine blades sweep out=  r 2.. If the wind speed is 20 (mi/hr), the blade length=3 m, and the air density is 1.2 kg/m 3 find Wind speed in m/s 1.9 2.10 3.11 4.12

15. where: Power= Power available from the wind (W);  = air density (kg/m 3 ); v=wind velocity (m/s); R=Length of blade Area= area that the turbine blades sweep out=  r 2.. If the wind speed is 20 (mi/hr), the blade length=3 m, and the air density is 1.2 kg/m 3 find power available to the turbine (kW): 1.12 2.14 3.16 4.18

16. where: Power= Power available from the wind (W);  = air density (kg/m 3 ); v=wind velocity (m/s); R=Length of blade Area= area that the turbine blades sweep out=  r 2.. If the wind speed is 20 (mi/hr), the blade length=3 m, and the air density is 1.2 kg/m 3 If the wind speed doubles, find the power (kW) available to the turbine. 1.60 2.80 3.100 4.120