1. Lesson 1.3 Wetlands and Watersheds Pg. 14- 18

2. Stream Biology Streams and Rivers are aquatic ecosystems that are teeming with life – There are three main groups of organisms in most stream communities 1. Algae and other protists 2. Invertebrates 3. Vertebrates

3. Algae Plantlike protists that make their own food – Producers a.k.a autotrophs – Form the base of most aquatic food chains – Use the energy from the sun & dissolved nutrients to make their own food

4. Animal-like Protists Includes ciliates and paramecia Aquatic organisms that eat bacteria, sediments that contain bacteria, and alage – Saprotrophs feed on decayed organic matter – Raptors eat other protists

5. Invertebrates The most common invertebrates are insects, mollusks, and worms shredders are invertebrates that eat the tissues of other organisms, organic matter, and wood

6. Invertebrates - Insects Ingest their prey whole or pierce its tissues and suck out the fluids – Ex. Beetles In larval stage live in water, in adult stage live on land

7. Invertebrates- Mollusks Spend most of their lives in water Feed on plants and algae – Primary consumers – Some are omnivores (eat plants and animals) – Some are carnivores ( eat other animals only)

8. Vertebrates Common stream and water vertebrates = amphibians (frogs and salamanders) and Fish Depend on water at various stages of their life cycles

9. Amphibians Most adults live on land They have a variety of feeding habits – Frogs Are predators – Use their sticky tongues to capture flies and other insects – Salamanders and newts are also carnivores

10. Fish Grazers, strainers, and suckers are fish that consume algae Some fish are predators – Examples: pike, pickerel, gars, and bullheads Detritivores feed by shredding sediments that enter the stream or river – or filtering their food directly from sediments in the water

11. Answer Review Questions #’s 1-5

12. Factors that Affect Freshwater Ecosystems Biotic factors are living components of an ecosystem Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of an ecosystem – Examples: stream order, pH, velocity, Temperature…etc. These factors determine the number and kinds of organism that live in the environment

13. Stream Order The smallest streams in a river system = first order streams – First order streams join to form second order streams – Second order streams meet to form third order streams…etc. – 80% of streams in PA are 1 st / 2 nd order

14. Stream Order Orders of a stream relates directly to the organisms that live there – 1 st order streams = largest insects – 3 rd and 4 th order streams = plants & game fish – Larger Streams = algae, fish, and other aquatic organisms

15. Temperature Velocity and depth affect the water’s temperature Areas of little or no circulation experience vertical variations in temp. Streams and rivers with currents = no temperature differences Shallow water = warm Deep Water = Cold Vegetation also affects water temperature

16. Temperature Seasonal Changes effect water temp. – Melting snow can lower temp. Temperature affects the kinds and numbers of animals of animals in a river or stream – Some species can live in a variety of temps. Carps & catfish – Others can only survive in certain temps Algae, protists, trout

17. Currents Currents in rivers and streams flow in one direction – They carry load and other substances Currents exert a force on organisms – Mollusks can withstand this force with their muscular foot – Fish move against or with the current

18. Velocity An abiotic factor The change in distance over time Changes with its course and depth – Decrease in slope= decrease in velocity – Widening of rivers and smoothing of its bed = increase in velocity – Most rapid velocity of a stream occurs in the middle of the water column

19. Substrate Substrate is the material that organisms live in, on, or around. – it is made up of organic or inorganic materials Organic = algae and other small particles of matter Inorganic = pebbles, rocks, silt…etc. Invertebrates live on or under rocky substrates Freshwater organisms live in the substrate Other organisms use plants as substrates

20. Sunlight The amount of light an ecosystem receives affects the ecosystem’s biodiversity – Ex. Plants depend on light for photosynthesis to occur – Areas that have little sunlight = fewer organisms – Areas that have more sunlight = more organisms

21. Turbidity Turbidity reflects the amount of suspended matter in the water Several factors affect turbidity – Increase in erosion & high water volume increase turbidity – Heavy rain or snow = increase in turbidity – Temperature affects turbidity Ex. Water is very turbid during spring seasons

22. Dissolved Solids Common elements found in dissolved load include: magnesium, calcium, iron, sodium, …etc. – Organisms living in the stream depend on these elements to survive Ex. Calcium is needed to harden fishes bones Ex. Excess phosphorus and nitrogen promote excessive algal growth called algal blooms

23. Dissolved Gases Streams and rivers contain dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen They are both important in determining the biodiversity of the stream

24. Oxygen Oxygen enters the water from the air The amount of oxygen that enters the water depends on the temperature – Increase in Temp. = decrease in oxygen Amounts of oxygen also depends on photosynthesis & respiration – Photosynthesis adds oxygen – Respiration takes away oxygen

25. Oxygen Cont. Oxygen is also affected by currents – Slower the current = less oxygen Decomposition of organic material decreases oxygen levels

26. Carbon Dioxide Comes from groundwater or the Earth’s atmosphere – Decomposition and respiration increases carbon dioxide levels

27. Organic Matter Organic Matter is used as food – Ex. Plankton, bits of leaves and wood Too many nutrients = decrease in oxygen levels Too few nutrients = organisms traveling to other parts of the stream to find food or dying because of lack of food

28. pH pH of a solution is a measure of its concentration of specific hydrogen levels Ranges from 0-14 – 7 = neutral (pure water) – Under 7 = acidic (rainwater / stream water = slightly acidic ) – Higher than 7 = basic Acidification of stream can kill fish and other organisms

30. Pennsylvania Streams and Acidification Many rivers and stream in PA are susceptible to acidification – There are three reason for this 1.PA receives some of the most acidic rainfall in the US 2.Rocks in much of the state contain minerals that contribute to acidification 3.PA has many coal mines

32. Answer #’s 6-11 of the lesson review on pg. 19