1. MEMORY  WHICH IS MORE IMPORTANT-  YOUR EXPERIENCES?  OR YOUR MEMORY OF THEM?

2.  clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

3. Atkinson-Shriffrin’s three stage processing model of memory Richard Atkinson Richard Shriffrin

4. STORAGE RETAINING INFORMATION STORAGE RETAINING INFORMATION SSSSENSORY MEMORY *Iconic (instant) memory- photographic or picture-image lasting a few tenths of a second *Echoic (echo) memory- momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli recalled within 3-4 seconds

5. WWWWORKING/SHORT-TERM MEMORY *Limited in duration (unless rehearsed will be forgotten) and in capacity ( 7 plus or minus 2 bits of information) LLLLONG-TERM MEMORY *Capacity limitless - Average adult has about billion bits of information in memory and capacity of 1000 to a million times that. (P. 364 memory records)

6.  When we tend to remember the first and last items better than those in the middle, this is called ___________ __________ _______  Serial position effect  What kind of encoding yields the best memory of verbal information? Visual, acoustic, or semantic?  Semantic  We have especially good recall for information when we can relate it to ourselves. This is called  Self-reference effect

7.  We often automatically organize items into familiar, meaningful units to help us recall information more easily. This is called  Chunking  Using “super models have earrings on” to remember the Great Lakes would be an example of  Mnemonic device  The conscious repetition of information to maintain it in consciousness or encode it for storage is called  rehearsal

8. STORAGE IN THE BRAIN STORAGE IN THE BRAIN  Memories do not reside in one specific spot.  Synapses- ________________________is the increase in a synapses firing potential the increase in a synapses firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. This is believed after brief, rapid stimulation. This is believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory. to be the neural basis for learning and memory. long-term potentiation (LTP) long-term potentiation (LTP)  CREB –a protein that can switch genes on and off. Genes produce proteins that strengthen synapses enabling long-term memories to form.

9.  When did stress interfere with remembering something?

10.  Identify a time when stress actually helped you remember something.

11. SSSStudy followed by adequate sleep an effective memory enhancer. SSSStress hormones can contribute to stronger memories PPPProlonged stress can negatively affect memory – shrinks the ___________which is vital for laying down memories. hhhhippocampus TTTThe ___________(two emotional processing clusters in limbic system) can also boost activity in brain’s memory forming areas. aaaamygdala

12.  STORAGE OF IMPLICIT MEMORIES- also called _____________memories. also called _____________memories. procedural procedural Independent of conscious recollection. Independent of conscious recollection. *Can be classically conditioned without conscious awareness of the learning. *Can be classically conditioned without conscious awareness of the learning. The part of the brain that is involved is the CEREBELLUM

13.  STORAGE OF EXPLICIT MEMORIES- also called ____________memories also called ____________memories declarative *Can explain their memories declarative *Can explain their memories Left side damaged Trouble remembering verbal info Right side damaged Trouble remembering visual designs and locations

14. RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION  Multiple choice questions measure what kind of memory? _____________  recognition  Fill-in-the-blank questions measure ________  recall  Memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning for a second time  relearning

15. Retrieval cues Retrieval cues  William James referred to this retrieval cue as “wakening of associations”  Priming  When words heard underwater are best remembered underwater and words heard o land are best remembered on land, this shows the effects of _________ on memory  Context  Sometime being in a context similar to one we’ve been in before may trigger the experience of  Deja vu

16.  What we learn in one emotional state is sometimes more easily recalled in that same emotional state. This is called ___________ memory.  State-dependent  However, depression disrupts the _______  process and alcohol disrupts the _______  of information.  encoding, storage  Explain the statement: Our memories are somewhat “mood-congruent”.

17.  Our moods influence how we interpret other people’s behavior or how we assess others or ourselves.

18. Forgetting Forgetting  TAB OR BAT refers to:  Transience, absent-mindedness, blocking Distortion  Misattribution, suggestibility, bias Intrusion  Persistence of unwanted memories

19. Who is known for his retention curve and forgetting curve? Who is known for his retention curve and forgetting curve? Hermann Ebbinghaus

20.  ____________ (forward-acting) interference of previous learning affects recall of new of previous learning affects recall of new information information proactive proactive  ___________ (backward-acting) interference of new learning affects recall of previously of new learning affects recall of previously learned information. learned information. retroactive retroactive  Positive transfer Old information can sometimes help us Old information can sometimes help us learn new information. learn new information.

21.  What is the Freudian term for memories that may be submerged into our unconscious because they may be too painful to remember?  repression  They may be retrieved through therapy or other cues  More researchers now believe that repression rarely occurs. rarely occurs.

22. Misinformation and Imagination Effects Misinformation and Imagination Effects Research on false memories and misinformation Imagination inflation Elizabeth Loftus

23. Source Amnesia (source misattribution) Source Amnesia (source misattribution)  Authors and songwriters sometimes suffer from source amnesia

24. Are very young children’s reports of abuse reliable?  Psychology’s most intense controversy “memory wars” “memory wars” Memory is reconstruction as well as Memory is reconstruction as well as reproduction reproduction