1. Computer Applications In Music Frank Markovich Fall 2004 Revision A

2. A to D and D to A These will be critical for you to understand with digital audio. Will only cover the basics. The world in Analog not digital but we do mainly digital recording now. We take an analog signal and convert it to a digital signal. This is called A to D conversion.

3. The 2 important numbers Number of bits, early recordings were only 8 bits, then the industry went to 16, now 24 bits is standard and 96 is even getting to be common with other’s inbetween. Sampling rate – how many conversions per second. The higher the sampling rate the higher the accuracy of the conversion. Typically in music it is 44KHz, 48KHz, or 96KHz. Less than 44KHz (32KHz is reserved for mainly voice – lecture etc.). Nyquest says that the frequency must be at least 2 times the highest frequency of interest to capture the information. Since the human ear can hear up to 20KHz – well some can, that means that the sampling rate must be over that frequence. I will show on the board the idea of this.

4. D to A Going back the other way you must convert from digital back to analog. Same concepts apply and your D to A must match frequency and sample size in order to work properly.

5. Recording I just want to give you an introduction into digital recording. We will first review the A/D and D/A. I will do this with equipment in our lab to start but will bring in ProTools at a later date. To start we will use sound forge. We will start on Page 6 of the online manual.

6. Sound forge advantages Easy to get started. With an external mixer can do quite a bit. Good method to learn the basics, very little equipment required etc. I use this for simple things – lectures etc. Very fast and easy to learn. Once you have learned this other programs will fall into place. Good for just scratchpad or for a small demo. If you need something fast this works well.

7. Sound forge disadvantages Only 2 channels. For most recording this is just not enough. - I use at least 2 just per instrument. Not full featured in the version we are running. I really prefer to use ProTools for critical work. Some small bugs that are bothersome. Not in a format that studios can mix down to easily. Lower dynamic range than external systems. No automation in the version – new version may offer it with an external Mackie Mixer.

8. Mackie Mixer Manual is loaded on your computer at school. Be sure to read it then play with the mixer. Also review the hook up manual. At this point will go to word document on basic mixing.

9. Software Mixers In order to really take advantage of these you must know the basics of mixing. The idea is just the same as a H/W mixer. Following is a 2 page on one S/W mixer. I like Vegas as a stand alone mixer but it may be overkill for you.

33. Do a write-up of each section – at least a couple of sentences summing up the section. Add in any questions that you may have on this.

35. MIDI

36. MIDI, which means: Musical Instrument Digital Interface, is a digital communications protocol. In August of 1983, music manufacturers agreed on a document that is called "MIDI 1.0 Specification". Any device that has MIDI capabilities must adhere to this specific data structure to ensure that all MIDI devices are capable of working together. This protocol is a language that allows interworking between instruments from different manufacturers by providing a link that is capable of transmitting and receiving digital data. It is important to remember that MIDI transmits commands, but it does not transmit an audio signal. The MIDI specification includes a common language that provides information about events, such as note on and off, preset changes, sustain pedal, pitch bend, and timing information. The specification has been updated more recently with specific data structures for handling sample dumps, MIDI time code, general MIDI and standard MIDI files. To see a complete listing of all MIDI data, go to:

37. There are four main categories of MIDI data. The following charts represent information on the current hexadecimal numbers that are used in MIDI transmission. Each MIDI message includes a Status Byte. If they are required, Data Bytes will follow each Status Byte. Some of the example below have links that may be clicked for more detail about the MIDI event. Channel MessagesChannel Messages System Common System Common System Exclusive System Exclusive System Real- Time System Real- Time

40. MIDI at NDNU COLLEGE OF NOTRE DAME MUSIC TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY MIDI AND MUSIC SYNTHESIZERS This handout presents instructions for using General MIDI specifications with each of the three music keyboard synthesizers in the Music Tech Lab. If you need more details than are in this handout, consult the published manuals at the computer stations.

47. Start up Finale In the Help choose “How to use the manual”

49. After reading how to use the manual go to help and read Chapters 1-3 in the manual. Do a paper for assignment 6 on how you will use Finale or a notation program in your music development. Answer the following questions: 1.Why use the computer to notate? 2.What advantages does the computer have in doing notation? 3.What could be future uses for the computer in notation? 4.How will you use the computer and notation? 5.What roadblocks do you see to learning how to notate on the computer? This should be turned in by Oct 11, 2004

50. 2) Which website that have lots of MIDI files to download? How to put a MIDI on my web page? What is the difference between MIDI and MP3? Let’s start by answering these questions: MP3 files are audio files that have been compressed. The compression takes the audio files and makes them smaller with some minor loss of information. Digital data (16 bits) is in the original Wave file. This is at 44KHz with 16 bits. That data would normally be run through a DAC (Digital to Analog Converter) and converted into an analog signal to drive the speakers. With MP3 the data is compressed and on playback it uncompressed but is still handled in a similar matter. A 3 minute MP3 would have about 4Meg of information. MIDI files are computer files that are MIDI data. No music until it goes through a MIDI instrument and the digital data is then read to control the instrument and make the music. A 3 minute MIDI file would have about 1K of data. Much smaller and easier to handle.

51. First Finale Assignment Watch the Finale Tutorial. Take notes on entry up to the Hyperscribe section. Make sure that you ask instructor questions about areas that you don’t understand. Enter Happy Birthday as on the next page. Send me the file by Oct 18, 2004.

52. At this point class will watch part of the tutorial. You can do this with Finale or with Notepad. You have one week and 3 days to complete this assignment.

53. Let’s discuss this.

54. MIDI Folder Hands On Midi Library - H MIDI Files on the Net - Self Sequenced Music Under 75 Years Old Midi Music Page Music Software GUITAR (Shareware Music Machine) Music Software NOTATION (Shareware Music Machine) SyntheSysResearch The Finale Forum - For users of Coda Music's Finale The Midi Express - Hundreds of TV and movie midi themes WAVPLANET.COM- Television

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59. Use a search engine Use a search engine to explore the web. Find at least 4 new sites with MIDI files. Look particularly for styles that you are interested in. We will work on importing into Finale. Isn’t as easy as you might think it is.

60. 2nd Notation Assignment This assignment will be using Hyperscribe. Pick a piece that you have music for or better yet compose your own piece. If you compose your own piece you can earn an A+ on this assignment. If you pick a piece then your top grade you can earn is A-. I really want you to write a piece. If you are not a music major there is only a bonus for doing your own piece. If you compose your own piece you will not be required to have lyrics, otherwise you will need to put lyrics in the piece or have an piece with at least 4 instruments. Enter the following: –Notes –Title –Composer –Lyrics –Chords (in symbol form) –Articulation. –Time and key signatures –Correct clef’s –Space music so no more than 4 measures per line Must be at least 24 measures long. Due a week from next Monday (Nov 1). You may have to start it in Notepad and then move it to Finale in order to complete it and have it look close to the original!

61. Finale Tutorial For this assignment you must finish watching the entire video tutorial on Finale. Answer the following questions: –Explain the steps setting up your score. –How do you create pickup measures? –How many tools in the main tool palette? –How do you add new staves? –What is the difference between page view and scroll view? Why would you choose one over the other (give examples). –Explain how to change the key, time or clef. Give at least 2 examples of the clef. –Explain in simple entry tool how to enter notes using the number keys. –Explain exactly how to use your computer keyboard and speedy entry to inter notes. –Explain in Speedy Entry how to enter notes. For an example use a C major scale and then the C major chord all quarter notes. –Explain steps to entering music using Hyperscribe and a MIDI keyboard. –Why is setting up the Hyperscribe correctly key to a correct entry of your piece? –Explain Quantization. –Can you enter music with a non MIDI instrument? Explain how if you can do that. –Explain the steps in copying a section of music and pasting it somewhere else in the score. –Explain at least 5 things that the mass edit tool can do, how to do them and why it is important.

62. Cont. Explain 2 different ways to add lyrics to your score. How do you add chord symbols? How do you show fretboard diagrams? How do you add staccato to a note? To a group of notes? Explain 3 different shortcut keys for adding articulation. How do you pick a note duration range to apply articulation (like 1/8 th to ¼ notes) How do you apply performance markings to a rhythmic section. (explained in articulation video). Explain use of resize tool. How do you you change the size of just 1 staff? How do you join measures from one line to the next? Very important for some of the pieces you already did. How do you freeze the number of measures per line in your piece? How do you just listen to one note or chord in the playback menu? Explain how to use smart playback. How do you print individual parts of a score? Explain how to create a worksheet for a class in finale. Explain the steps to scanning a piece of printed music. Explain how to use at least 3 plug ins and why you would use them in your music. How do you create slashed symbols for rhythmic notation?

63. 2nd Notation Assignment This assignment will be using Hyperscribe. Pick a piece that you have music for or better yet compose your own piece. If you compose your own piece you can earn an A+ on this assignment. If you pick a piece then your top grade you can earn is A-. I really want you to write a piece. If you are not a music major there is only a bonus for doing your own piece. If you compose your own piece you will not be required to have lyrics, otherwise you will need to put lyrics in the piece or have an piece with at least 4 instruments. Enter the following: –Notes –Title –Composer –Lyrics –Chords (in symbol form) –Articulation. –Time and key signatures –Correct clef’s –Space music so no more than 4 measures per line Must be at least 24 measures long. Due a week from next Monday (Nov 8, 2004). You are being allowed extra time so that you can compose something. Last term one of the best pieces was composed by a non-music major. The student didn’t have any bias towards what to do and came up with a very modern sounding piece. You may have to start it in Notepad and then move it to Finale in order to complete it and have it look close to the original!

64. This takes the class to the ½ way point. Instructor will post rest of class before this part is complete.