1. Electronic Chart
Per R. Bodin

2. Solas Chapter V Regulation 27
Nautical chart and nautical publications
Nautical charts and nautical publications, such as:
sailing directions,
list of lights,
notices to mariners,
tide tabels
and other nautical publications necessary for the intended
Per R. Bodin

3. Solas chapter V Regulation 2
Definitions
2. Nautical Chart or nautical publication is a special-purpose map or book, or a specially complied database from which such a map or book is derived, that is issued officially by or on the authority of a Government, authorised Hydrographic Office to meet the requirements of marine navigation.
Per R. Bodin

4. Example hazards Minor Major Critical
Interruption to navigation information
Reduced ECDIS functionality
Increased navigation workload
Major
Severe disruption to navigation information
Loss of alarm functions
Unable to continuosly monitor vessel`s position
Difficulty in maintaining planned track
Critical
Total loss of navigational information
ECDIS failure
Per R. Bodin

5. Electronic chart are here to stay
International legislation is complete
Revised equipment approval standards
agreed and published
National legislation requirements are being refined
Paper chart sales are predicted to have peaked
Per R. Bodin

6. Why og electronic Integration with other sensors
Simplifies route planning
Effective route monitoring
Comprehensive recording
Simple application of updates
Updates by satcoms and telephone
More intelligent systems
Increased safety
Per R. Bodin

7. ECDIS IMO Performance Standar (1995)
Resolution A.817 (19)
IHO Transfer Standards for Digital Hydrographic Data
S57 Edition 3.1 (2000)
International Electrochnical Commission
Ecdis Oerformance Standards, Methods of Testing and Required Test Results
IEC 61174,2nd Edition (2001)
Per R. Bodin

8. RENCS Regional Electronic Navigational Chart Co-ordinating Centres
In Europe there are two such centeres:
International Centere for ENCs
Primar - Stavanger
Per R. Bodin

9. Electronic charts are here to stay
International legislation is complete
Revised equipment approval standards
agreed and published
National legislation requirements are being refined
Paper chart sales are predicted to have peaked
Per R. Bodin

10. Basic formats of electronic charts
Raster Chart
Data is ”dot” equivalent of printed image
Arranged in rectangular grid of pixels
Each pixel is geographically referenced
Vector Chart
Data is ”ordered” list of features
Data is geographically referenced
Data items have attributes
Per R. Bodin

11. Terminology Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS)
Specific vector shart system defined by IMO/IHO
Electronic Navigational Chart (ENC)
Official HO approved vector data for ECDIS
Raster Chart Display System
Raster chart system meeting IMO requirements
Raster Navigational Chart (RNC)
Official HO approved raster data for RCDS
Per R. Bodin

12. Non-approved electronic charts
Electronic Chart System (ECS)
An electronic chart system which does not meet IMO`s standards or an approved system which is displaying data which does not meet ENC/RNC standards
Per R. Bodin

13. Maritime Administrations
Administrations have been taking a cautious approach to the use of electronic charts:
Legislation issues prior to revised SOLAS Ch. V
Unhappy with First Edition of IEC for Type approval of equipment
Limited ENC coverage
Wanted more RCDS experience
Wanted more experience regarding back-up
Experience has been gained though controlled use under IMO 15 regulations
Per R. Bodin

14. Scenario for the immediate future
Maritime administrations will:
Insist on full use of paper charts for ECS operation (as is presently the case)
Where there is adequate coverage of ENCs allow non-paper operation if back-up meets their requirements, eg by formal risk analysis or inspection
Allow RCDS operation, if ENCs are not available, with parallel use of (generally) smaller scale paper charts (in accordance with administrations`requirements or by formal risk analysis)
Per R. Bodin

15. RCDS mode of operation
In 1998 IMO MSC70 adopted amendments to the original ECDIS resolution:
Permits RCDS mode of operation when ENC data is not available
”When operating in the RCDS mode, ECDIS equipment should be used together with an appropriate portfolio of up-to-date paper charts”
So called ”dual-fuel” operation
Per R. Bodin

16. SOLAS Chapter V Regulation 19
Carriage requirements for shipborne navigational systems and equipment
2.1 All ships irrespective of size shall have:
4 nautical charts and nautical publications to plan and display the ship`s route for the intended voyage and to plot and monitor positions thoughout the voyage; an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) may be accepted as meeting the chart carriage requirements of this subparagraph;
Per R. Bodin

17. Solas Chapter V New Chapter V (Safety of Navigation)
Comes into force 1 July 2002
Explicitly includes references to ECDIS
Per R. Bodin

18. Risk assessment method
Determine hazards, ie what could cause harm
Determine the risk
Risk= severity x likelihood
Decide if risk is tolerable
Otherwise develop procedures to control the risk
Review the risk
Will controls lead to a tolerable risk and are they practicable
Develop emergency procedures
Per R. Bodin

19. Risk assessment Increased support by marine administrations of risk
Assessment techniques to identify the hazards and hence determine the safe configuration and use of electronic charts and their back-up, considering:
Type of vessel
Operational area
ECDIS specifications
Per R. Bodin

20. Back-up solutions IMO Resolution MSC.64(67) – 1996
Carriage of an additional type approved ECDIS
Reversion to paper charts
Reversion to a non-ECDIS electronic chart system
Meeting minimum requirements
Data issued by a national HO
Per R. Bodin

21. Alarms and indicators Alarm Exceeding off track limits VR
Alarm Crossing safety contour V
Alarm/indication Area with special conditions VR
Alarm Deviation from route VR
Alarm Positioning system failure VR
Alarm Approach to critical point VR
Alarm Different geodetic datum VR
Alarm/indication Malfunction of chart system VR
Indication Information overscale VR
Indication Larger scale data available VR
Indication Route planning across safety
contour / specified area V
Indication Positioning system accuracy VR
Per R. Bodin