1. 3. What are the CS and US? (shock) (tone)

2. After one or two pairings… (CS) Blood pressure Heart Rate Stress Hormones Hypoalgesia Freezing (CR’s)

3. Conditioned Suppression

4. Suppression Ratio a = responses during the CS b = responses prior to the CS a (a + b) After 10 Tone-Shock trials: a = 3; b = 20. 3/(3+20) = 0.13 On first Tone-Shock trial: a = 30; b = 30. 30/(30+30) = 0.50

5. Rayner with “Little Albert”

6. Conclusions 4. Effects of CS-US pairings can be measured directly or indirectly by their effects on another behavior

7. 4. What are the CS and US?

8. Paired versus Unpaired

9. Conclusions 5. Effects of CS-US pairings must be compared to a proper control group

10. 5. What are the CS and US?

12. No Age Differences In Eye- Blink Age-Related Decline Why?

13. Deficits Appear in “Middle Age”

14. “Good” vs. “Bad” Conditioners

15. H.M. is “good”

17. Lower Brain Volume—Alzheimers!

18. Cognitive Enhancers Rabbit Data

19. Conclusions 6. Conditioning experiments have value as a diagnostic tool

20. 6. What are the CS and US?

21. Rabbit Eyelid Taste Aversion

22. Conclusions 1. Conditioned behaviour is “evoked” by the CS, it is not “chosen” by the organism [Reminder] 7. What constitutes a pairing depends on the response system (no optimal ISI)

23. Blue Gouramis Highly Territorial But Needs to Mate 7. What are the CS and US?

26. Conclusions 8. Pavlovian Conditioning has can have adaptive value Darwin’s Finches

27. What determines the form of the CR? Stimulus Substitution Conditioned Opponent Behavior Systems

28. Stimulus Substitution (the CS takes the place of the US) Pavlov: UR = Salivation, CR = Salivation Cocaine: UR = Activity, CR = Activity Cyclophosamide: UR & CR = immune suppression. Autoshaping: CR for water = Closed beak, CR for grain = Open beak

29. However… Fear conditioning: CR = freezing, UR = activity CS can determine form of CR: Lever licked, UR = eat pellet

30. Form of CR depends on CS CR= sniff, social contact, approach

31. However… Fear conditioning: CR = freezing, UR = activity CS can determine form of CR Interval between CS and US also matters –Long delay: General search CR –Short delay: Focal search CR

32. Timberlake Behavior Systems Theory The CS and US engage the same “behavior system” – e.g., appetitive, sexual, defensive The form of the CR depends on the length of the delay between CS and US. Overt CR is flexible – depends on situation

33. Increased General Activity Increased Activity at US site Sexual Arousal