1. Space Radiation Operations Status, Methods and Needs Neal Zapp, NASA/JSC SRAG

2. Space Radiation A Fundamental Problem for NASA’s MannedSpaceflightObjectives Legal, moral and practical considerations require NASA limitpostflightrisks incurred by humans living and working in space to “acceptable” levels Radiation protection is essential to enable humans to live and work safely in space Astronaut radiation protection is addressed as part of theNASA Strategic Plan

3. Radiation Exposure Principal Health Risks Acute affects – of PRIMAR Acute affects – of PRIMAR Affects potentially range from mild and recoverable to death Affects potentially range from mild and recoverable to death Much higher risk for exploration than for STS/ISS/LEO Much higher risk for exploration than for STS/ISS/LEO Long-term risks Long-term risks Cancer risk increase Cancer risk increase Cataracts Cataracts Increase in cancer risk is principal concern for astronaut exposure to space radiation for ISS Increase in cancer risk is principal concern for astronaut exposure to space radiation for ISS For exploration acute effects/syndromes become much more an operational possibility For exploration acute effects/syndromes become much more an operational possibility

4. NASA Mission Support Team: Space Radiation Analysis Group Provide preflight crew exposure projections Provide preflight crew exposure projections Provide real-time astronaut radiation protection support Provide real-time astronaut radiation protection support Provide radiation monitoring to meet medical and legal requirements Provide radiation monitoring to meet medical and legal requirements Small group of health physicists, physicists, and programmers Small group of health physicists, physicists, and programmers 4 civil servants 4 civil servants 7-8 contractors 7-8 contractors

5. SRAG Real-Time Flight Support Man console in Mission Control Center- Houston (MCC-H) 4 hr/day during nominal conditions Man console in Mission Control Center- Houston (MCC-H) 4 hr/day during nominal conditions Man console in MCC-H Man console in MCC-H continuously during significant space weather activity and all EVA's

6. Space Environment Support Teams NOAA Space Environment Center/Space Weather Operations (NOAA SWO) NOAA Space Environment Center/Space Weather Operations (NOAA SWO) Principle organization for providing space weather support to civilian customers Principle organization for providing space weather support to civilian customers Space weather equivalent to National Weather Service Space weather equivalent to National Weather Service

7. Our “Eyes”

8. Environment

9. Environment

10. Operational Space Weather Information Flow

11. Defenses Protection Method Current Maturity Orbital Parameters H H H H H Mission Duration H H H H Shielding H H ½ Monitoring H H H H Measuring H H H Predicting/Forecasting H H Phase of Solar Cycle H H H H H Knowledge Space weather phenomenology Space weather phenomenology H H H Solar activity—terrestrial response coupling Solar activity—terrestrial response coupling H H H Radiation environment inside geomagnetosphere Radiation environment inside geomagnetosphere H H H Radiation exposure monitoring Radiation exposure monitoring H H H Nuclear interactions Nuclear interactions H H H H Human response to radiation exposure Human response to radiation exposure H H ½ Human exposure risk assessment Human exposure risk assessment H H ½

12. Measurements Archival Archival Environment characterization Environment characterization Crew medical record input Crew medical record input Crew and area monitors – TLD, OSL, Crew and area monitors – TLD, OSL, and CR-39 TLD < 10keV/micron < CR-39 TLD < 10keV/micron < CR-39 Operational or real-time Operational or real-time Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter Charged particle spectroscopy Charged particle spectroscopy Intravehicular (IV-CPDS) Intravehicular (IV-CPDS) Extravehicular (EV-CPDS, multi- axis) Extravehicular (EV-CPDS, multi- axis) IP monitoring IP monitoring

13. NASA Passive and Active Radiation Measurements in ISS Orbit

14. Results--Individual RAM Exposure Rates Relative to Vehicle Average Lab Window Airlock SM Sleep Stations TeSS Aft End of SM, Near Treadmill Near CWCs in Node

15. Design and Vehicle Evaluation

16. Vehicle Shielding Additions ISS: US LAB

17. Exploration Requirements Generation Requirements Generation Crew exposure limits Crew exposure limits Vehicle design limits (human exposure) – SPE driven Vehicle design limits (human exposure) – SPE driven Measurements – mission phase / type Measurements – mission phase / type Mass, time, complexity, budgetary constraints, etc. Mass, time, complexity, budgetary constraints, etc.

18. August 22nd, 2006 Bob Rutledge, NASA JSC Design of Orion “HOT” “COOL”

20. Final Thoughts Must assume that the question of mission and/or crew safety impact of space weather operations is a “when”, not an “if”. Must assume that the question of mission and/or crew safety impact of space weather operations is a “when”, not an “if”. Highest risk mission element is surface EVA Highest risk mission element is surface EVA Operations depends on monitoring and forecasting Operations depends on monitoring and forecasting Measuring and understanding the space weather environment (dynamics) is a direct enabler of space exploration. Measuring and understanding the space weather environment (dynamics) is a direct enabler of space exploration. Today’s climate dictates a blurring of the lines between “research” and “operations” as applied to space weather. Today’s climate dictates a blurring of the lines between “research” and “operations” as applied to space weather.