1. Surveying Body of Knowledge – Preparing Professional Surveyors for the 21st CenturyBy
Joshua Greenfeld, PhD
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

2. The body of knowledge committee
Members:
Josh Greenfeld, PhD, LS – Committee chair
Bob Burtch, PLS, PE – Ferris State University
Earl Burkholder, PS, PE – NM State University
Bob Dahn, PLS – Private practice
Wendy Lathrop, PLS – Private practice
Joe Paiva, PhD, PLS – Geomatics Consultant

3. Outline What is a profession? Why a “body of knowledge”?
How is the body of knowledge being developed
Components of the body of knowledge
Macro and Micro
Where we go from here

4. Why a “body of knowledge”?
The definition of a profession:
A profession is an occupation, vocation or career where specialized knowledge of a subject, field, or science is applied. It is usually applied to occupations that involve prolonged academic training and a formal qualification. It is axiomatic that "professional activity involves systematic knowledge and proficiency." Professions are usually regulated by professional bodies that may set examinations of competence, act as a licensing authority for practitioners, and enforce adherence to an ethical code of practice.

5. Why a “body of knowledge”?
Professions enjoy a high social status, regard and esteem conferred upon them by society. This high esteem arises primarily from the higher social function of their work, which is regarded as vital to society as a whole and thus of having a special and valuable nature. All professions involve technical, specialized and highly skilled work often referred to as "professional expertise." Training for this work involves obtaining degrees and professional qualifications (Licensure) without which entry to the profession is barred (occupational closure). Training also requires regular updating of skills (continuing education).

6. Why a “body of knowledge”?
In summary:
A profession is founded on knowledge skills and education.
The respect for professionals arises from their expertise, education, and the impact their work makes on society.
The acquisition of specialized knowledge, skills and expertise justifies the special privilege bestowed on a licensed professional to practice his/her profession and bar everyone else from practicing the same.

7. Why a “body of knowledge”?
Internal reasons:
To formulate the scope of the profession
To promote recognition for the need for college education
To help surveyors in business development
To develop surveying scholarship
External reasons:
To help promote the profession
To define the distinctiveness of the profession

8. Why a “body of knowledge” for surveying?
A bill to loosen licensing requirements for surveying in rural areas of Alabama was introduced in the Alabama legislature. In an article on the bill that appeared in the Mobile Press Register, the following justification for the bill was given:
"PVC pipe made everyone a plumber; the wire welder made everybody a welder. GPS made everyone a surveyor."

9. Surveying 25 years ago vs. today
Total Station (robotic), GPS (RTK)
Tapes and Transits/Theodolites
Polar measurements
Measurements with abscissa and offsets
3D Scanner
Topo measurements with Stadia
CAD, GIS
Manual drafting with ink on Mylar
NSRS (national spatial reference system)
Assumed coordinates
1 person crew
3 person surveying crew
Rigorous computations methods
Approximate computation methods

10. What will surveyors do 25 years from now?
“It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future.” (Yogi Berra)
However it is safe to predict that:
Surveyors will use different tools and technology
Field work will become a smaller component of a project
Clients and deliverables will change
Professional surveyors will have to be able to adopt new and somewhat different skills

11. Surveying Then Now
EDUCATION
Experience
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

12. Knowledge vs. Skills Skill is about knowing how and being useful
it’s only about being able to do things
it isn’t about knowing why things are as they are or what exactly they are. It’s just that you can do it
You don’t have to know how it is you know how to do it, either

13. Approaches to developing a body of knowledge
Macro level
Micro level
Technology centered
Theory and science centered
Knowledge vs. skills
A combination of the above

14. Knowledge vs. Skills Knowledge is knowing what, and why.
It’s about knowing the concepts, the terminology.
It’s about being able to use concepts from one field to another, to spot patterns between things.
It’s being able to discuss your field with a peer, or read technical papers about it.
Skill is about knowing how and being useful
it’s only about being able to do things
it isn’t about knowing why things are as they are or what exactly they are. It’s just that you can do it
You don’t have to know how it is you know how to do it, either

15. Resources for Body of Knowledge (BoK )

16. The Macro Level
Surveying
Body of Knowledge

17. Definitions of Level of Competence
Level 1 (Recognition) represents a reasonable level of familiarity with a concept but lacks the knowledge to specify and procure solutions without additional expertise.
Level 2 (Understanding) implies a thorough mental grasp and comprehension of a concept or topic. Understanding typically requires more than abstract knowledge.
Level 3 (Ability) is a capability to perform with competence. As one grows professionally, his/her abilities also develop so that more challenging and difficult problems can be solved.

18. Surveying BOK in Terms of Outcomes
The 15 BoK Outcomes
Surveying BOK in Terms of Outcomes
11 ABET outcomes (a-k)
A depth outcome (specialized technical area)
3 Breadth outcomes
(Supervision and project management; business and public policy and administration leadership)

19. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering/applied science/ technology. (ABET (a))
Commentary:
A technical core of knowledge in mathematics, science, and technology
In imparting the common technical core, students should understand the fundamentals of several recognized major surveying areas.
Knowledge includes most of the following: mathematics through linear algebra, probability, statistics and statistical testing, physics, economics, geo-spatial representation, and information technology.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

20. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as analyze and interpret data. (ABET (b))
Commentary:
Surveyors commonly design and conduct field work, gather data, process observations, and then analyze and interpret the results.
Professional surveyors should be able to do this in at least one of the current major surveying areas such as: geodetic control, field based mapping, imagery based mapping, boundary surveys, GIS, etc.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

21. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. (ABET (c))
Commentary:
Design methodology and process elements include problem definition, scope, methodology, means, analysis, creativity, synthesizing alternatives, iteration, regulations, codes and safety.
Other design elements are bidding on projects, estimating costs; interaction between planning, design and execution.
Understanding large-scale systems including the need to integrate information, organizations, people, processes, and technology.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

22. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams. (ABET (d))
Commentary:
A professional surveyor should be able to lead a team as well as participate as a member of a team.
This requires understanding of team formation and evolution, personality profiles, team dynamics, collaboration among diverse disciplines, problem solving, and time management and being able to foster and integrate diversity of perspectives, knowledge, and experiences.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

23. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
an ability to identify, formulate and solve Surveying problems. (ABET e)
Commentary:
A professional surveyor should be able to assess situations in order to identify surveying problems, formulate alternatives, and recommend feasible solutions
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

24. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility. (ABET (f))
Commentary:
The professional surveyor is to hold paramount the welfare of the public.
A thoughtful and careful weighing of alternatives when values conflict is crucial to the responsible conduct of surveying.
Therefore, a professional surveyor needs to demonstrate an understanding of and a commitment to practice according to the fundamental principles of ethics and the codes of professional conduct.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

25. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
an ability to communicate effectively. (ABET (g))
Commentary:
Effective communication includes listening, observing, reading, speaking, and writing, and requires understanding of the fundamentals of interacting effectively with technical and non-technical, individuals or audiences, in a variety of settings.
A professional surveyor needs to be versatile with communication and presentation tools such as word processing, spreadsheets, slide presentations, graphics, visualization, the worldwide web and other.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

26. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
a broad education necessary to understand the impact of Surveying solutions in a global and societal context. (ABET (h))
Commentary:
A professional surveyor needs to appreciate, from historical and contemporary perspectives, culture, human and organizational behavior and their impacts on society, as well as the history of land ownership and the heritage of the surveying profession.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

27. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in, life-long learning. (ABET (i))
Commentary:
Life-long learning encompasses Professional development and Personal development
Life-long learning options include additional formal education, continuing education, professional practice experience, active involvement in professional societies, community service, coaching, mentoring, and other learning and growth activities.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

28. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
a knowledge of contemporary issues. (ABET (j))
Commentary:
To be effective, professional surveyors should appreciate the relationship of surveying to critical contemporary issues such as multicultural globalization of surveying practice; raising the quality of life around the globe; the growing diversity of society; and the technical, environmental, societal, political, legal, economic, and financial implications of surveying and spatial information projects.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

29. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern Surveying tools necessary for surveying practice. (ABET (k))
Commentary:
This includes the role and use of appropriate positioning and information technologies, contemporary analysis and design methods, and applicable standards, as practical problem-solving tools to complement knowledge of fundamental concepts.
The ability to select the appropriate tools for solving different types and levels of problems.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

30. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
an ability to apply knowledge in a specialized area related to Surveying
Commentary:
For a professional surveyor, specialized technical coursework (or the equivalent) is expected for this outcome.
Examples of specialized technical areas are:
legal aspects of surveying, mapping (field or image based), visualization, GIS, high order surveying and Geodesy.
Specializations could be in non-traditional fields such as computer science, geography and spatial representation, and statistics.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

31. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
an understanding of the elements of supervision and project management
Commentary:
Professional surveyors often supervise and carry out projects.
Project management essentials include project manager responsibilities, defining and meeting client requirements, contract negotiation, project work plans, scope and deliverables, budget and schedule preparation and monitoring, equipment, safety, interaction among professionals from various disciplines, quality assurance and quality control, and dispute resolution processes.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

32. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
an understanding of business and public policy and administration fundamentals
Commentary:
The professional surveyor typically functions within the private sector but also within the public sector.
This requires at least an understanding of business, public policy, and public administration fundamentals.
Business fundamentals topics in the private sector include legal forms of ownership, organizational structure and design, income statements, balance sheets, economic decisions, finance, marketing and sales, billable time, overhead, and profit.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

33. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
an understanding of business and public policy and administration fundamentals
Commentary (cont’):
Essential public policy and administration fundamentals include the political process, public policy, laws and regulations, funding mechanisms, public education and involvement, government-business interaction, and the public service responsibility of professionals.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

34. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
an understanding of the role of the leader and leadership principles
Commentary:
Leading, in the private and public arena, which differs from and complements managing, requires broad motivation, direction, and communication knowledge and skills.
Attitudes generally accepted as being conducive to leadership include commitment, confidence, curiosity, entrepreneurship, integrity, judgment, persistence, positiveness and sensitivity.
Desirable behaviors of leaders, which can be taught.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

35. The 21st Century surveyor must demonstrate:
Technical
Outcomes 1-3, 5, 11-12
Professional
Outcomes 4, 7, 13-15
Practice
Outcomes 6, 8-10
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

36. HOW SHOULD IT BE TAUGHT AND LEARNED?
The how has two main components:
Undergraduate study leading to a baccalaureate degree in surveying;
Post-BS surveying experience prior to licensure.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

37. Formal education and experience needed to fulfill outcomes
Post licensure Education and Experience
Ability
Experience
Understanding
Recognition 1 2 5 11 12 3 4 7 9 6 8 10 13 14 15
Technical core
Experiments/analyze and interpret
Surveying (Eng) problems
Surveying (Eng) tools
Specialized Surveying area
Design
Multi-disciplinary teams
Communication
Life-long learning
Prof and ethical responsibilities
Impact of eng solutions
Contemporary issues
Supervision and project management
Business and public policy
Leadership
Post Licensure additional Outcomes
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)

38. The Micro Level
Surveying
Body of Knowledge

39. FIG Definition of the Functions of the Surveyor
The determination of the size and shape of the earth and the measurement of all data needed to define the size, position, shape and contour of any part of the earth and monitoring any change therein.  
The positioning of objects in space and time as well as the positioning and monitoring of physical features, structures and engineering works on, above or below the surface of the earth.  
The development, testing and calibration of sensors, instruments and systems for the above-mentioned purposes and for other surveying purposes.
POSITIONING

40. FIG Definition of the Functions of the Surveyor
IMAGING
The acquisition and use of spatial information from close range, aerial and satellite imagery and the automation of these processes.    
LAW
The determination of the position of the boundaries of public or private land, including national and international boundaries, and the registration of those lands with the appropriate authorities.  

41. FIG Definition of the Functions of the Surveyor
The design, establishment and administration of geographic information systems (GIS) and the collection, storage, analysis, management, display and dissemination of data.  
The analysis, interpretation and integration of spatial objects and phenomena in GIS, including the visualisation and communication of such data in maps, models and mobile digital devices.  
GIS

42. FIG Definition of the Functions of the Surveyor
The study of the natural and social environment, the measurement of land and marine resources and the use of such data in the planning of development in urban, rural and regional areas.  
The planning, development and redevelopment of property, whether urban or rural and whether land or buildings.  
The assessment of value and the management of property, whether urban or rural and whether land or buildings.  
The planning, measurement and management of construction works, including the estimation of costs.
Land Development

43. Surveying Professional Paths
Career 1
Career 2
GIS
Applications
GPS
Applications
Photogrammetry
SURVEYING
Business &
Management
Core
Academia
Research
Software
Development
Boundary
Cadastre
Special
Surveys

44. Surveying body of knowledge
Computer &
Information Sciences
Business &
Management
Math & Statistics
Imagery
Law
Physical
Science
humanities
Core
GIS
Social Science
Positioning
Land
Development
Law
Engineering
Communication &
Leadership

45. Definitions of Levels of knowledge
Level 1: a basic level that is so general that everyone in the surveying profession should have.
Level 2: a depth of knowledge that is required to perform activities within this knowledge area if the professional is to have a specialization or some other kind of expertise that stands above a background or general knowledge required for the professional.
Level 3: a depth of knowledge that enables performance of research, development and professional leadership in that knowledge area.

46. The positioning Body of KnowledgeBy
Earl Burkholder
and
Joseph Paiva

47. Fundamental Concepts of Positioning
A first-level breakdown of positioning includes knowledge of:
Measurements (both equipment and processes) of physical quantities in various combinations: distances, angles, time, temperature, current, pressures, and mass.
Physical laws that govern how measured quantities are reduced to their geometrical components.
Solid geometry and other mathematical tools used to describe the spatial relationships of points, lines, surfaces, and objects in the context of coordinate systems and datums.

48. Fundamental Concepts of Positioning
Computer tools (both hardware and software) used to manipulate 3-D digital spatial data.
Error propagation, least squares adjustment and other tools required to determine, monitor, and evaluate spatial data accuracy.
Standards and specifications used throughout the spatial data user community for evaluating, assessing, and categorizing spatial data to determine suitability for given applications.

49. Fundamental Concepts of Positioning
Information management as related to establishing and preserving the value of spatial data.
Communication principles within the context of personal and business relationships as well as professional interactions within a discipline and between disciplines.
Economic, business, and legal (sans boundary) concepts as related to successful participation in a successful organization or enterprise.

50. Measurements Knowledge Area
Issues and activities
Knowledge of how to evaluate a situation to determine what measurements need to be made using principles of surveying pre-analysis
Geometries; terrain; field conditions; reconnaissance; cost and time budgets
Select appropriate technology and field procedure based on analysis of the situation and an understanding of the technical differences between technologies that may be applied, to make the measurements required
Includes peripheral devices; consideration of capabilities of technicians who will make measurements

51. Measurements Knowledge Area Issues and activities
Make the required measurements accounting for systematic errors as required for the results desired, and being cognizant of the techniques to attain accuracy and precision
Field conditions; natural, instrument, and personal error sources; design of appropriate procedures
Ability to identify the appropriate mathematical models to use in a given situation to best represent the features and the area being surveyed
Projections; datums, ellipsoids, coordinate systems

52. Measurements Knowledge Area Issues and activities
Establish control as required
Design or follow control survey specifications as appropriate
Perform survey
Follow survey design, make ad hoc changes to design due to unanticipated conditions or factors

53. Data Analysis and Management
Knowledge Area
Issues and activities
Examine data for completeness
Blunder detection;
Post-process to remove systematic errors remaining; evaluate random error
Analyze data for precision; draw conclusions about accuracy
Positional accuracy
Determine if additional measurements are required
Re-measurements of initial data not up to specifications; or that are missing to accomplish survey requirements

54. Data Analysis and Management
Knowledge Area
Issues and activities
Integrate data from various sensor into a homogenous database
Metadata management

55. Adjustments Knowledge Area Issues and activities
Apply statistical and adjustment tools to improve quality of information being reported
Traverse calculations and adjustment, level loop adjustments, remove aberrant data
Calculate integrity of networks and other geometries
Strength of figure
Apply principles of geodesy

56. Coordinate Geometry Knowledge Area Issues and activities
Apply 2-D and 3-D transformations
Determine projected coordinates
Determine geodetic coordinates
Determine positions of surveyed points
Accuracy
estimates
Determine position or configuration of designed points, lines, surfaces and volumes
Determine areas and volumes

57. Information Extraction
Knowledge Area
Issues and activities
Report positions, lines, surfaces and volumes
Level of confidence
Report conclusions, deductions and inductions
Abstract thinking, design
Create maps and reports that are project and “consumer-specific”
Creative design
Use CAD to generate user products

58. The Imaging Body of KnowledgeBy
Robert Burtch

59. The definition of imagery
Photogrammetry:
“The art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment through processes of recording, measuring, and interpreting photographic images and patterns of recorded radiant electromagnetic energy and other phenomena” ASPRS
Photogrammetry includes additional tools garnered from other disciplines, including:
Image processing, compression, enhancement, restoration, segmentation, primitives, pattern recognition, artificial intelligence, image understanding, and computer vision, just to mention a few Mikhail

60. The definition of imagery
Remote sensing: Lillesand and Kiefer
“The science and art of obtaining information about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon under investigation”
A broader definition of imagery could include:
Other types of data collection, such as laser scanning, echo sounding and sonar and more.

61. Imagery Body of Knowledge
Knowledge area
Topics
Cameras and other
Sensors
Metric versus non-metric cameras
Sensor characteristics
Calibration methods
Resolution
Scanners and other sensors

62. Imagery Body of Knowledge
Knowledge area
Topics
Photography and
Imaging
Principles of optics
Aperture and shutter relationship
Films and digital images
Characteristic curve, Fall-off
Electromagnetic spectrum (including Planck’s Law, Kirchhoff’s Law, Stefan-Boltzmann Law, Wien’s Displacement Law)
Interactions with atmosphere and surfaces

63. Imagery Body of Knowledge
Knowledge area
Topics
Photo
measurements
Coordinate system for image
Methods for measuring image positions
Distortions to measurements (film deformation, lens distortion, atmospheric refraction, earth curvature)

64. Imagery Body of Knowledge
Knowledge area
Topics
Geometry of
Photograph
Determination of scale
Relief displacement
Tilt displacement
Determination of ground distance/coordinates
Determination of exterior orientation
Digital Data
Methods of depicting resolution
Data formats

65. Imagery Body of Knowledge
Knowledge area
Topics
Stereoscopy and
Parallax
Depth perception
Use of stereoscope
Y-parallax causes and solutions
Flight-line axis system
Parallax measurements
Analytical
Photogrammetry
Collinearity and coplanarity conditions
Space resection and intersection
Analytical stereomodel
Analytical aerotriangulation principles
Simultaneous bundle adjustment

66. Imagery Body of Knowledge
Knowledge area
Topics
Stereoplotters
Basic principles of design
Analytical and digital plotters
Mapping Principles
Compilation of planimetric features
Contour generation
DEM principles
Mapping and GIS
Digital Image
Processing
Digital image model
Contrast enhancement
Spectral transformation
Resampling strategies (nearest neighbor, bilinear, bicubic)

67. Imagery Body of Knowledge
Knowledge area
Topics
Digital
Photogrammetry
Image measurements
Epipolar geometry
Image matching strategies
Automation methods (aerotriangulation, DEM, orthophtographs)
Project Planning
Determination of end lap and side lap
Determination of flying height (C-factor)
Creation of flight map
Conditions affecting flight performance

68. Imagery Body of Knowledge
Knowledge area
Topics
Close-Range
Photogrammetry
Use of metric and non-metric cameras
Determination of camera calibration
Oblique terrestrial photography
Surveying
Principles for
Imagery
Field data collection methodologies
Principles of GPS, IMU
Coordinate transformation between sensor frames
Ground control and targetting

69. Imagery Body of Knowledge
Knowledge area
Topics
Land Observing
Satellites
Landsat system, CORONA, SPOT, IKONOS, etc
Large, medium, small resolution systems
Advantages and disadvantages
Microsatellite sensor systems UAVs
Active Microwave
Systems
Geometry of radar and wavelength
Penetration of signal
Real aperture and synthetic aperture systems
Radar interferometry, IFSAR
Radargrammetry

70. Imagery Body of Knowledge
Knowledge area
Topics
Laser Scanning
Lidar signals characteristics
Fusion of sensors and data
Geometry between frames
Processing terrestrial and airborne data
Topographic versus bathymetric versus terrestrial

71. Imagery Body of Knowledge
Knowledge area
Topics
DEM
Technologies
Enabling technologies in data collection
Sampling strategies
Types of sonar, principles of sonar systems
Delaunay triangulation, grid structure
Capabilities and limitation of technologies
Accuracy assessment/standards

72. The Legal Body of KnowledgeBy
Wendy Lathrop
and
Robert Dahn

73. The need for legal knowledge
The practice of every design professional is intimately tied to the law
Surveyors are involved in a legal bond between themselves and their client – known as the contract
Surveyors may be called to court as defendants, professional witnesses, or expert witnesses

74. Why know the law: “surveyor” defined
“…educated in the principles of mathematics, the related physical and applied sciences, and the relevant requirements of law…”
(New Jersey)
“…special knowledge of the principles of mathematics, the related physical and applied sciences, and the relevant requirements of law for adequate evidence of the act of measuring and locating land…” (Alaska)

75. The (legal) practice of surveying
What may be permitted under one surveying license may not be permitted in another
Maryland allows (and expects) licensed professional land surveyors to prepare and design plans that include “road and street grades; sediment and erosion control measures; nonpressurized closed storm drainage and stormwater management systems; and open conduit storm drainage and stormwater management systems” when such work is “undertaken in conjunction with site development or subdivision”
In nearby New Jersey such design work is “unlawful” for PLS

76. Surveying and the Law
While a surveyor is not to make legal determinations (unless also admitted to the bar), the professional must be familiar with how the law treats determinations of fact, which both the surveyor and the jury must weigh.
The legal body of knowledge provides a firm basis for the surveyor’s career-long pursuit of the broadest possible array of legal information to be applied in the determination of that fact.

77. Legal Knowledge in a typical land development project
Limit of professional services by statute
Appropriate contractual language
Standards of accuracy required
Basis of orientation
Deeded land use restrictions
Environmental land use restrictions
Water district restrictions, Coastal Management Areas
Solar easement setbacks

78. Legal Knowledge in a typical land development project
Road access - existing and reserved rights
Zoning, lot size, building and use restraints
Permit and variance procedures
Format of final deliverables for approval
Other regulatory issues affecting what the professional is required to do both legally and ethically.

79. Legal guidance for surveyors
Professionalism
Business practice
Technical practice

80. Types of legal materials with which surveyors should be familiar
Issuing
branch of
government
Materials
Included
Areas of
surveying
affected
Legislative
Local ordinances
State statutes
Federal statutes
Professionalism
Business practice
Technical practice

81. Legislative material provides:
Definition of terms
Definition of legal practice
Standards of practice
Elements of contracts
Legislative intent
Business standards

82. Types of legal materials with which surveyors should be familiar
Issuing
branch of
government
Materials
Included
Areas of
surveying
affected
Administrative
State regulations
Federal regulations
Professionalism
Business practice
Technical practice

83. Administrative resources guide:
Standards of practice
Business standards
Environmental practice
Land use

84. Types of legal materials with which surveyors should be familiar
Issuing
branch of
government
Materials
Included
Areas of
surveying
affected
Judicial
Rules of evidence
County court actions
Probate court actions
State court actions
Federal court actions
Professionalism
Business practice

85. Judicial resources supply:
Rules of evidence
Explanation of terms
Explanation of what laws mean (interpretation by application to certain fact scenarios)

86. Types of legal materials with which surveyors should be familiar
Issuing
branch of
government
Materials
Included
Areas of
surveying
affected
Executive
Executive orders (issued by President and governors)
Business practice
Technical practice

87. Definitions of Levels of Legal knowledge
Familiarity with topics and practical applications of the knowledge to fulfill the needs of clients.
Enough knowledge to know the limits of what the surveyor does or does not know

88. Definitions of Levels of Legal knowledge
Specialization within a particular area within the realm of surveying.
Researching ancient written documents
Environmental issues

89. Definitions of Levels of Legal knowledge
Delve even more deeply into the details of a specific area
Conducting research
Providing innovation in methodology, writing, and teaching

90. The GIS Body of KnowledgeBy
Joshua Greenfeld

91. The definition of GIS based on Chrisman (Chrisman 2002)
The organized activity by which people:
measure aspects of geographic phenomena and processes;
represent these measurements, usually in the form of a computer database, to emphasize spatial themes, entities, and relationships;
operate upon these representations to produce more measurements and to discover new relationships by integrating disparate sources; and
transform these representations to conform to other frameworks of entities and relationships.

92. The definition of GIS based on Chrisman (Chrisman 2002)
Social and Cultural Context
Institutional Context
Transformations
Operations
Representation
Measurement
Evaluate
Inside Goals
Data Quality:
Verify Against World
Context
Organizes Views
Provides Goals

93. The GIS&T Body of Knowledge
Knowledge Area 1: Analytical Methods (AM)
Objective: Operations to derive analytical results from geospatial data
Query operations and query languages (Set theory, SQL…)
Geometric measures (Dist, Shape, Proximity, Adjacency and connectivity)
Basic analytical operations (Buffers, Overlay, Neighborhoods, Map algebra)
Basic Analytical Methods (pattern, Spatial interaction,Multi-criteria evaluation)
Analysis of surfaces
Spatial statistics (Testing of hypotheses about the nature of spatial pattern, dependency, and heterogeneity)
Geostatistics, (Spatial sampling, Semi-variogram modeling, kriging)
Spatial regression and econometrics
Data mining
Network Analysis
Optimization and location - allocation modeling

94. The GIS&T Body of Knowledge
Knowledge Area 2: Conceptual Foundations (CF)
Objective: To recognize, identify, and appreciate the explicit spatial, spatio-temporal and semantic components of the geographic environment.
Philosophical foundations
Cognitive and social foundations
Domains of geographic information (Space, Time, Properties)
Elements of geographic, information (Discrete entities, Events, Fields…)
Relationships (Topological Metrical Spatial distribution)
Imperfections in Geographic information (Vagueness Fuzzy sets Error-based uncertainty)

95. The GIS&T Body of Knowledge
Knowledge Area 3: Cartography and Visualization (CV)
Visual display of geographic information.
History and trend
Data considerations (Source materials, Data abstraction, Projections as a map design issue)
Principles of map design (Map design, symbolization, Color, Typography)
Graphic representation techniques (thematic mapping methods, Dynamic and interactive displays…)
Map production
Map use and evaluation (The power of maps, Map reading, interpretation, Map analysis, Impact of uncertainty)

96. The GIS&T Body of Knowledge
Knowledge Area 4: Design Aspects (DA)
Objective: Design of applications and databases for a particular need.
The scope of GIS&T system design
Project definition
Resource planning
Database design (Logical and physical models)
Analysis design (derived by analysis vs. stored explicitly)
Application design (Workflow, User interfaces, CASE tools
System implementation (planning, tasks, testing, deployment)

97. The GIS&T Body of Knowledge
Knowledge Area 5: Data Modeling (DM)
Objective: Representation of formalized spatial and spatio-temporal reality through data models and the translation of these data models into data structures that are capable of being implemented within a computational environment
Basic Storage and retrieval structure
Database management systems (Relational DBMS, Object-oriented, Extensions of the relational model)
Tessellation data models (partitions a continuous surface into a set of non-overlapping polygons)
Vector and object data models (spaghetti, topological, network model, Object-based spatial databases)
Modeling 3-D, Temporal and uncertain Phenomena

98. The GIS&T Body of Knowledge
Knowledge Area 6: Data Manipulation (DN)
Three general classes of operation:
Transformation into formats that facilitate subsequent analysis,
Generalization and aggregation
Transaction management (tracking of changes, versioning, and updating.
Representation transformation (of data structures, data models, projections, and data representation)
Transaction management of geospatial data (Modeling database change, Reconciling database change, versioning)

99. The GIS&T Body of Knowledge
Knowledge Area 7: Geocomputation (GC)
Methods designed to simulate, model, analyze, and visualize a range of highly complex, often non-deterministic, non-linear problems
Computational aspects and neurotomputing
Cellular automata (CA) models (computational models in a cell-based space)
Heuristics
Genetic algorithms (GA)
Agent-based models (actors that have hetero­geneous characteristics and/or behaviors and interact with a heterogeneous environment)
Simulation modeling
Uncertainty
Fuzzy Sets

100. The GIS&T Body of Knowledge
Knowledge Area 8: Geospatial Data (GD)
Objective: Measurements of locations and attributes of phenomena at or near Earth's surface.
Earth Geometry
Land pationing systems
Georeferencing systems (Geographic, Plane coordinate systems, Tessellated, Linear referencing systems)
Datums (Horizontal, Vertical datums)
Map projections
Data quality (Geometric, Thematic)
Land surveying and GPS
Digitizing
Field data collection (Sample size Sample intervals Field data technologies)
Aerial imaging and photogrammetry
Satellite and shipboard remote sensing
Metadata, standards and infrastructures

101. The GIS&T Body of Knowledge
Knowledge Area 9: GIS&T and Society (GS)
Cost, political, ideological, legal, and personal issues associated with GIS ventures
Legal aspects
Economic aspects
Use of geospatial information in public sector
Geospatial information as property
Dissemination of geospatial information
Ethical aspects of geospatial information and technology
Critical GIS (thinking critically about GIS)

102. The GIS&T Body of Knowledge
Knowledge Area 10: Organizational and Institutional Aspects (OI)
Management of geographic information systems (GIS)-including hardware, software, data, and workforce-within and among private and public organizations
Origins of GIS&T
Managing GIS operations and infrastructure
Organizational structures and Procedures
GIS&T workforce themes
Institutional and inter-institutional aspects (Spatial data infrastructures, standards, Technology transfer, sharing among organizations)
Coordinating organizations (national and international) (Federal agencies, State and regional coordinating bodies, Professional organizations, Publications)

103. Marbles’ Six Roles Played by GIS&T Professionals (Marble 1998)
Basic spatial and computer understanding
Routine use of basic GIS technology
Higher level modeling application
GIS application design and development
GIS system design
GIS research and software development
Basic spatial and computer understanding
Routine use of basic GIS technology
Higher level modeling application
GIS application design and development
GIS system design
GIS research and software development

104. GIS Education for surveyors
Undergraduate
Degree
Post-graduate
Certification
Professional
Education
Graduate
degree
Routine user R P -
Specialist
Scholar

105. The Land Development Body of KnowledgeBy
Wendy Lathrop

106. Why a LD Body of Knowledge?
To understand the full scope of the proposed project
To respond appropriately to:
Requests for Qualifications (RFQs) and
Requests for Proposals (RFPs).
To allow the surveyor to:
Play an active role in formulating the contract
Understand the technical and legal ramifications of the services to be provided
Define division of responsibilities between surveyor and client to keep project running on time, on budget, and without increased liability.

107. Land Development Body of Knowledge
Communication and writing skills
Knowledge area
Issues and activities
RFQ and RFP
documents
Evaluate and assess required data
Contractual language
Define scope of services, responsibilities
Verbal and written
communication skills
Respond to inquiries, updating client
Negotiation skills
Verbal and written responses

108. Land Development Body of Knowledge
Legal knowledge relating to business practice
Knowledge area
Issues and activities
Contractual law
Protection of both surveyor and client
Rules of Evidence
Business record keeping
Professional liability
Contract language, actions, insurance
Surveying regulations
State-specified allowed practice

109. Land Development Body of Knowledge
Legal and regulatory constraints and processes
Knowledge area
Issues and activities
Zoning ordinances
Compliance, variances, comparison to proposed development for suitability
Site plan regulations
Same
Building codes and permitting process
Subdivision ordinances and process

110. Land Development Body of Knowledge
Legal and regulatory constraints and processes
Knowledge area
Issues and activities
Certificates of Occupancy requirements
Compliance with regulatory requirements, understand approval process
Floodplain, wetland, riparian, and other environmental reviews or permitting processes
Understand natural and regulatory land use restrictions; assess suitability of site.
Understand compliance and variance processes.

111. Land Development Body of Knowledge
Legal and regulatory constraints and processes
Knowledge area
Issues and activities
Steep slopes
Understand natural land use restrictions, regulatory land use restrictions; assess suitability of site
Mineral deposits or formations (karst/limestone, mines, etc.)
Prohibitions, protections, prior claims

112. Land Development Body of Knowledge
Legal and regulatory constraints and processes
Knowledge area
Issues and activities
Soil types
Percolation, stability: Natural land use restrictions, regulatory land use restrictions, assess suitability of site
Smart Growth
How to make proposed development comply

113. Land Development Body of Knowledge
Legal and regulatory constraints and processes
Knowledge area
Issues and activities
LEED Certification
Understand levels of certification, compliance factors
Brownfield redevelopment
Environmental safety, regulatory issues
Historic architectural and archaological protection and preservation
Protective regulations, private client requirements, compliance and documentation processes

114. Land Development Body of Knowledge
Understanding of required design for project
Knowledge area
Issues and activities
Development design, patterns, and principles
Single family, cluster, PUD, infill?
Social and physical implications of project
Street design
Geometry, length limits, safety and traffic factors. Effect on surrounding areas

115. Land Development Body of Knowledge
Understanding of required design
Knowledge area
Issues and activities
Storm drainage design
Understand effect on immediate site and surroundings (cumulative effects)
Stormwater management design
Same
Grading and earthwork
Stream protection and restoration

116. Land Development Body of Knowledge
Understanding of required design
Knowledge area
Issues and activities
Wastewater and sewage collection and treatment (public and private)
Understand effect on immediate site and surroundings (cumulative effects)
Water distribution (public and private)
Same
Utility installation and protection

117. Land Development Body of Knowledge
Understanding of required design
Knowledge area
Issues and activities
Siltation prevention
Understand effect on immediate site and surroundings (cumulative effects)
Soil stability, permeability
Understand effect on immediate site and surroundings (cumulative effects), site suitability

118. Land Development Body of Knowledge
Understanding technology and procedures
Knowledge area
Issues and activities
Cost estimates
Understand all processes, time and materials required, time frames and scheduling limitations
Local approval processes
Understand zoning and planning board hearings and applications. Timing of submittals, and how many copies? How many public hearings? Are other public notices required?

119. Land Development Body of Knowledge
Understanding technology and procedures
Knowledge area
Issues and activities
Boundary survey of site
New? Rely on one provided? Checking it? Reset missing corners?
Select appropriate method to obtain site topography
Level of accuracy needed, assess appropriate technology. If using prior topo, assess its limitations
Control survey
Level of accuracy needed, assess appropriate technology

120. Land Development Body of Knowledge
Understanding technology and procedures
Knowledge area
Issues and activities
Base map preparation
Level of accuracy needed, assess appropriate technology
Construction stakeout
Setting interior monumentation
Density and location of markers, acceptable materials. Where required, monumentation records, bond releases, new drawings prepared.

121. Land Development Body of Knowledge
Understanding technology and procedures
Knowledge area
Issues and activities
Record or “as built” drawings
Understand local requirements for acceptance
Recording documents

122. What’s next? Receive feedback on the body of knowledge findings
Streamline all five parts of the body of knowledge to a consistent document
Lobby national and state societies to adopt and implement the body of knowledge.
Dr. Joshua Greenfeld (c)