2. NEUROCHEMISTRY NEURONS (BRAIN CELLS) RELEASE NEUROTRANSMITTERS (CHEMICALS THAT COMMUNICATE BETWEEN NEURONS) INTO SYNAPSES - GAP BETWEEN NEURONS RECEPTORS - ABSORB CHEMICALS

3. NEUROCHEMISTRY (CONT.) MENTAL ILLNESSES CAN ARISE FROM MALFUNCTIONING RECEPTORS TOO MUCH OR TOO LITTLE OF VARIOUS NEUROTRANSMITTERS

4. MAJOR NEUROCHEMICALS SEROTONIN - LOW LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO DEPRESSION AND MANY OTHER MENTAL ILLNESSES DOPAMINE - HIGH LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO SCHIZOPHRENIA NOREPINEPHRINE - HIGH LEVELS MAY BE RELATED TO ANXIETY

6. BEFORE LOBOTOMY, SHOCK, COMA - NOW DRUGS CHANGE NEUROCHEMISTRY OF BRAIN ELEVATE OR LOWER LEVELS OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN SYNAPSES AND WHAT RECEPTORS ABSORB

7. TREATMENTS ANTI-PSYCHOTICS LITHIUM FOR BIPOLAR PHENOTHIAZINES AND CLOZAPINE FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA ILLNESS SPECIFIC

8. SSRI’S SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS - PROZAC, PAXIL, XOLOFT (LATE 1980’S) UNLIKE OLDER DRUGS ARE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED TO PREVENT REUPTAKE OF SEROTONIN NOT ILLNESS SPECIFIC (NOT “ANTI- DEPRESSANTS”)

9. HUGH GROWTH

10. ARE SSRI’S BETTER? NOT MORE EFFECTIVE THAN OLDER DRUGS FEWER NEGATIVE SIDE EFFECTS (ALTHOUGH POSSIBLY MORE SUICIDE RISK) NOT ADDICTING

11. DOWNSIDE OF SSRI’S MAY NOT BE MUCH BETTER THAN PLACEBOS LONG-TERM EFFECTS? ONLY ELIMINATE SYMPTOMS, NOT UNDERLYING PROBLEM? BENEFITS OVERSTATED

13. STRENGTHS OF BIOLOGY BEST FOR PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS MORE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BRAIN ADVANCES IN DRUG TREATMENTS FOR MANY CONDITIONS

15. 1. OVERSTATEMENTS MOST CONVINCING FOR PSYCHOSES LESS EVIDENCE FOR OTHERS ARE CHEMICAL IMBALANCES CAUSES OR EFFECTS?

16. 2. GENES NOT DESTINY ONLY A MINORITY OF PEOPLE WITH GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY DEVELOP DISORDER OFTEN NEED ENVIRONMENTAL PRECIPITANT ENVIRONMENT CAN SUPPRESS - MORMONS AND ALCOHOLISM

17. 3. WHAT DOES A GENE DO? DIFFERENCE OF GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE (APPEARANCE) E.G. ANOREXIA CULTURE CAN SHAPE PHENOTYPE GENES MAY HAVE GENERAL, NOT SPECIFIC, EFFECTS

18. 4. MOST M.I. NOT GENETIC MOST PEOPLE WHO GET A DISORDER DO NOT HAVE GENETIC PROPENSITY TO THE DISORDER

19. SCHIZ. IN DENMARK THOSE WITH 1ST DEGREE RELATIVES HAVE 10x RATE OF SCHIZ BUT 90% OF PEOPLE WHO DO GET SCHIZ HAVE NO SCHIZ RELATIVES FAR MORE PEOPLE HAVE NO FAMILY HISTORY OF SCHIZ SO DESPITE LOWER % PRODUCE MORE CASES