The Roaring ’20s and the Great Depression

The Roaring ’20s and the Great Depression
Chapter 20-23 America’s determination to remain neutral during WWI was shattered by the Germans. In 1917, the US joined the “war to end all wars.” Americans patriotically supported the war effort, allowing the federal government to take enormous control of the economy. But the war ended, so did American support for big government and involvement in foreign affairs. The Roaring Twenties’ conservative governments returned to the “business of business,” with fewer controls and regulations over industry. Prohibition, (the banning of alcohol), was flagrantly ignored, leading to illegal bootlegging and gang wars. The US was becoming an urban society. Industrial production rose faster than wages as the economy soared to fantastic heights. Only manufacturers prospered. High tariffs protected American businesses, but weak market in post-war Europe contributed to declining demand for agricultural products. Poverty spread among farmers and laborers. The “Flaming Youth” embraced modern fashions, music, entertainment, and the automobile. They wanted to enjoy life. Conservative Americans called for law and order, and blamed antisocial behavior on “outsiders”--- communists, Jews, and blacks. The market could not sustain itself. Wild speculation inevitably led to the stock market crash of The good times were over.

SSUSHS SSUSH16 The student will identify key developments in the aftermath of WW I. a. Explain how rising communism and socialism in the United States led to the Red Scare and immigrant restriction. (20.1) b. Identify Henry Ford, mass production, and the automobile. (17.1, 20.3) c. Describe the impact of radio and the movies. (21.3, 23.4) d. Describe modern forms of cultural expression; include Louis Armstrong and the origins of jazz, Langston Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance, Irving Berlin, and Tin Pan Alley. (21.4)

SSUSHS SSUSH17 The student will analyze the causes and consequences of the Great Depression. a. Describe the causes, including overproduction, underconsumption, and stock market speculation that led to the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression. (20.1, 22.1) b. Explain factors (include over-farming and climate) that led to the Dust Bowl and the resulting movement and migration west. (22.2) c. Explain the social and political impact of widespread unemployment that resulted in developments such as Hoovervilles. (22.2-3)

SSUSHS SSUSH18 The student will describe Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the depression and compare the ways governmental programs aided those in need. a. Describe the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority as a works program and as an effort to control the environment. (23.1, 23.5) b. Explain the Wagner Act and the rise of industrial unionism. (23.2) c. Explain the passage of the Social Security Act as a part of the second New Deal. (23.2, 23.5) d. Identify Eleanor Roosevelt as a symbol of social progress and women’s activism. (23.1-3) e. Identify the political challenges to Roosevelt’s domestic and international leadership; include the role of Huey Long, the “court packing bill,” and the Neutrality Act. (23.1-2, 23.5, 24.1)

GPS Words to Know Communism Dust Bowl Socialism Hoovervilles
The Red Scare Migration Henry Ford New Deal Mass Production Franklin D. Roosevelt Radio Tennessee Valley Authority The Movies Wagner Act Jazz Unionism Louis Armstrong Social Security Act Langston Hughes Eleanor Roosevelt Harlem Renaissance Huey Long Irving Berlin “Court Packing Bill” Tin Pan Alley The Neutrality Act Stock Market Stock Market crash of 1929 The Great Depression

Politics of the Roaring Twenties
Chapter 20

Section 1—America Struggles with Post War Issues
The Effects of Peace on the Public • War leaves Americans exhausted • Economy adjusting: cost of living doubles; farm, factory orders down - Returning soldiers face unemployment or took their old jobs away from women/minorities • Nativism—prejudice against foreign- born people—sweeps nation • Isolationism—pulling away from world affairs—becomes popular -After WWI many Americans want to get back to peaceful living and they will feel resentment to anyone who causes unrest…. -War leaves Americans exhausted • Economy adjusting: cost of living doubles; farm, factory orders down - soldiers returning face unemployment or took their old jobs away from women and minorities - farmers, factory workers suffer as wartime orders go down • Nativism—prejudice against foreign-born people—sweeps nation • Isolationism—pulling away from world affairs—becomes popular In the 1920s, racism and nativism increased. Immigrants and demobilized military men and women competed for the same jobs during a time of high unemployment and an increased cost of living.

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Fear of Communism The Red Scare
Communism—economic, political system, single-party government - ruled by dictator - no private property 1919 Vladimir Lenin, Bolsheviks, set up Communist state in Russia U.S. Communist Party forms Bombs mailed to government, businesses; people fear Red conspiracy Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer takes action with Palmer Raids-hunts down Communists, anarchists One perceived threat to American life was the spread of Communism—an economic and political system based on a single party government ruled by a dictatorship. In order to equalize wealth and power, Communists would put an end to private property, substituting government ownership of factories, railroads, and other businesses. In 1917 Russia pulled out of WWI due to a revolution at home. A party known as the Bolsheviks (Reds) took over and installed a socialist gov’t (also known as a Communist govt)—state owns most of the property, regulates the economy, runs most of the major industries. (Don’t want a rich and a poor) Communism is a extreme form of socialism (created by Karl Marx) where everything is owned by the people and govt is not needed. Bolshevik leaders believed that workers in other countries needed to rise up and est socialist govt as well. This greatly alarmed the people in the US. Business leaders, govt officials, and a growing number of private citizens feared such a revolution would occur in the US. This led to a period called the Red Scare, in which many people became fearful of anyone who might be a communist or a threat to US freedom. A Communist Party forms in the US and 70,000 radicals join including some of the Industrial Workers of the World. When several dozen bombs were mailed to govt and business leaders, the public grew fearful that Communists were taking over. US Attorney General Mitchell Palmer took action to combat this Red Scare. When anarchists—people who want to bring down any form of govt attempted to assassinate Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and Standard Oil icon John D. Rockefeller many associated these attacks with communism. In response, Palmer authorized the Palmer Raids—in which suspected communists and Anarchists (who oppose any form of government), and people perceived to be a threat (many of whom were immigrants who had committed no crimes) were arrested and jailed . More than 500 immigrants were deported back to their countries as a result of the Palmer Raids. Palmer and his agents went into private homes, offices and jailed anyone who they suspected. The people were not given legal counsel. But Palmer’s raids failed to turn up evidence of a revolutionary conspiracy. Or even explosives. Soon the Public decided that Palmer didn’t know what he was talking about. The Palmer Raids occurred b/t -Red Scare feeds fear of foreigners, ruins reputations, wrecks lives Two of the most famous victims of this fear were the convictions of two immigrants in Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian immigrants (a shoemaker and a fish peddler), anarchists, arrested. - charged with robbery, murder of a factory paymaster and his guard in Baltimore Massachusetts. - trial does not prove guilt Jury finds them guilty; widespread protests in U.S., abroad - Sacco, Vanzetti executed 1927 The US is based on capitalism—an economic system based on free markets and privately owned businesses.

RED SCARE Fear led to the government looking for suspected
Communists and Socialists Just review—don’t write in notes

Limiting Immigration: Keep America for Americans
Anti-Immigrant Attitudes Nativists believe: fewer unskilled jobs available, fewer immigrants needed Many think immigrant anarchists and socialists are Communist The Quota System sets maximum number can enter U.S. from each country 1924-Limited people from eastern and southern Europe -The Red Scare and suspicions about immigrants led to a new rise in nativism—opposition to immigration. As a result, citizens pressured the govt to place restrictions on immigration. -Anti-immigrant attitudes had been growing in the US since the 1880s, when new immigrants had been arriving from eastern and southern Europe (remember the Chinese Exclusion Act??) After WWI, the need for unskilled labor decreased (coal mining, steel production, textiles). Nativists believed that since the need for unskilled workers had declined fewer should be let into the country. Many think immigrant anarchists and socialists are Communist. -Congress passed a temporary limit to the number of immigrants who could come into the US in 1924 and permanent bans in These bans were racist in nature and designed to allow more immigrants from Western Europe into the country than from Eastern Europe or the far East. Meanwhile the KKK increased and started targeting not only AA but Jews, Catholics, Communists, and foreign immigrants. The KKK grew to be a national not just a southern force of hatred. The Quota System • 1919–1921, number of immigrants grows from 141,000 to 805, 000. Congress decides to limit immigration from certain countries. (southern and eastern Europe) almost 600% • the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 sets up a quota system. Quota system sets maximum number can enter U.S. from each country - sharply reduces European immigration • 1924, European arrivals cut to 2% of number of residents in 1890 • Discriminates against southern, eastern Europeans • Prohibits Japanese immigration; causes ill will between U.S., Japan who had keep the Gentleman’s Agreement to limit emigration to the US expressed anger over the insult. • Does not apply to Western Hemisphere; many Canadians, Mexicans enter Quota later reduced the total amount of persons entering the US to 150,000 per year. Quota System were also used to set limits on how many immigrants could enter the United States. In 1924 a new quota limited immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe. It also banned immigration from Japan known as the Gentlemen’s Agreement. Labor Unrest- Strikes were not allowed during WWI but when the war was over many groups went on strike for a living wage. Most strikes were unsuccessful.

Racial Tension White soldiers returning compete w/ African Americans for jobs, housing. Ku Klux Klan becomes national force targets blacks, immigrants, Jews, Catholics, Communists Meanwhile the KKK increased and started targeting not only AA but Jews, Catholics, Communists, and foreign immigrants. The KKK grew to be a national not just a southern force of hatred. The Klan Rises Again Bigots use anti-communism to harass groups unlike themselves KKK opposes blacks, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, unions, saloons - 1924, 4.5 million members Klan controls many states’ politics; violence leads to less power The Ku Klux Klan led the movement to restrict immigration. This new Klan not only targeted freed African Americans but also Catholics, Jews, Immigrants, and other groups believed to have “un-American” values.

We interrupt this program for the special question….
The growth of communism in the United States during the early 1900’s directly led to: A reform of labor laws A restriction of immigration An extreme decline in nationalism An increase in public support of unions B An End to Progressivism Warren G. Harding won the election in 1920 with a campaign that called for a return to “normalcy,” or a return to the simpler days before the Progressive Era reforms. Harding won the election by a landslide. The American people liked the idea of returning to a simpler time. Harding #29 Republican 1. First President to ride in car to inauguration 2. First to broadcast speech over radio 3. “Ohio Gang” scandals rocked presidency (Tea Pot Dome) 4. Signed “Emergency Quota Act” 5. Died of heart attack serving only 2 and half years.

Section 3-The impact of the Automobile
During the 1920s, Americans enjoyed a new standard of living. Wages increased and work hours decreased. Mass production or large-scale product manufacturing usually done by machinery, increased the supply of goods and decreased costs. The assembly line, used by carmaker Henry Ford, greatly increased manufacturing efficiency by dividing up operations into simple tasks that unskilled workers could perform. -The years following WWI saw a number of changes in business and technology. One key figure was Henry Ford. Although he was not the 1st to invent the automobile, Ford was the first to perfect and successfully market it. In 1907 Ford sold 30,000 of his first mass-produced car—the Model T. What truly set Ford apart was his vision for mass production. He decided to produce enough automobiles that he could afford to sell them at greatly reduced prices, thus allowing the ordinary person to afford one. To achieve this he set up the assembly line where his employees stayed in one spot while the assembly line brought parts to them. Up until this point parts remained stationary while the employees moved from station to station. Ford also saw his workers as consumers. He paid his workers $5 dollars a day (good salary back then) and from Ford built half the automobiles in the world! The automobile changed the face of US culture, allowing people to become more mobile, live further from where the worked and attend activities that otherwise would not be possible. Ford’s assembly-line product, the Model T, sold for $859 the first year but dropped to $490 after being mass-produced several years later. By 1924 the Model T was selling for just $295. --Ford increased workers’ wages and reduced the workday to gain workers’ loyalty and to undercut union organizers. The automobile became the backbone of the American economy in the 1920s and remained so until the 1970s. It profoundly altered the American landscape and American society. (Calvin Coolidge becomes the president after Harding dies in 1923 of a stroke or heart attack)

Henry Ford Ford changed American life with his affordable automobiles. Small businesses— garages, gas stations opened. The isolation of rural life ended. People could live farther away from work-creating the auto commuter. -Ford’s assembly-line product, the Model T, sold for $859 the first year but dropped to $490 after being mass-produced several years later. By 1924 the Model T was selling for just $295. -The automobile also launched the rapid construction of gasoline stations, repair shops, public garages, motels. The first automated traffic signals began blinking in Detroit in the early 1920s. Architecture changes as a result of the automobile as well--carport or driveway, smaller lawns. -The Automobile literally changed the American landscape—the construction of paved roads, suitable for driving in all weather, one being Route 66 which provided a route for people traveling west from Chicago to California. -The automobile also liberated the isolated family rural family who could now travel to the city for shopping and entertainment. It gave families the opportunity to vacation in new and faraway places. Both women and young people became more independent through increased mobility. The Model T "People can have the Model T in any color – so long as it’s black." –Henry Ford

Superficial Prosperity
Production And Buying Goods On Credit During the 1920s, as workers produced more goods, businesses grew To sell the overproduction of goods, Installment Plan encouraged—buy goods on credit, pay over a period of time at low interest rate Aimed to solve problem of underconsumption=consumers’ reluctance to buy products Americans start spending more than they have… During the 1920s, most Americans believed that prosperity would go on forever…the average factory worker was producing 50% more at the end of the decade than at the start. National income had gone from $64 billion in 1921 to $87 billion in Most major corporations were making fortunes. The stock market was reaching new heights. In 1920 Warren G. Harding followed Woodrow Wilson as president. Under his leadership the US economy remained relatively strong. Then after a series of scandals that rocked his administration Harding died of heart problems in 1923 and was seceded by his VP Calvin Coolidge. Coolidge supported big business and believed in laissez-faire economics, the idea that govt should not try to regulate business but rather let the market takes its natural course. For most of the 1920s it appeared Coolidge was right—the stock market rose. People began taking advantage of the prosperity by buying stock on speculation (made high risk investments in hopes of making large returns on their money. Many investors also began buying on the margin—they bought stocks for only a portion of what they cost and they borrowed the difference and paid interest on the loan. Many believed the stock market was doing so well that they could still make money, even while paying such interest. -Technology also helped produce a booming economy in the 1920s– The increase in production (Ford’s assembly line) meant products could be sold in greater numbers and for less. As a result people bought cars, clothes, appliances, etc—Consumerism –the practice of buying and consuming products, became normal and meant citizens are spending more money than they save. Buying Goods on Credit As manufacturers continued to produce goods at a faster rate than ever, they turned out products faster than consumers could buy them. When the market has more of a product than consumers want it is called overproduction. Businesses needed to sell all the goods they were now producing. So they encouraged customers to buy on the installment plan. This was a form of borrowing. Customers could make low payments over a period of time. That way people could afford to buy more. Banks provided money at low interest rates. Advertising also pushed the idea of buying on credit. Average Americans were spending more money than they actually had.—easy credit-a dollar down and a dollar forever. Higher wages and shorter workdays led to an economic boom as Americans traded thrift for their role as consumers. American attitudes about debt shifted, as they became confident that they could pay back what they owed at a later time. False prosperity. Ads also played a role. The ads promised consumers self-improvement, happiness, and self-fulfillment. (As workers produced more goods, businesses grew. Large businesses bought up, or merged with smaller ones. But as businesses grew, business managers made much more money than workers did. Also, mining companies, railroads, and farms were not doing well.) Still most Americans focus their attention on the present with little concern for the future…What could possibly go wrong with the nation’s economy? One group that was not doing well during this time were farmers after the war—New machinery led to the overproduction of food and more than the people could consume-underconsumpton of it. Ag prices dropped drastically. In the 1920s Congress passed bills to help increase farm prices and they were vetoed by Coolidge (didn’t think govt should get involved in business). Many farms as a result were into forclosure and unable to recover. Have a student Read the bold quote on P. 633

The Roaring Life of the 1920s
Chapter 21 Changing Ways of Life In the 1920s cities became the place to be. And the morality of small town America began to change—people in cities began to tolerate drinking, gambling, causal dating, worldly behaviors considered shocking in small towns. 1. The New Urban Scene- City Life 2. Prohibition Experiment- 18th Amendment 3. Speakeasies and Bootleggers- Clubs and the illegal selling of alcoholic beverages. Speakeasy- Hidden saloons and nightclubs that sold alcohol. Bootlegger- smugglers who brought alcohol in from Canada and the Caribbean 4. Organized Crime- Gangs and Criminals

Section 1-The Prohibition Experiment and Organized Crime (Pgs. 642-643)
Passage of Prohibition (18th Amend) Saloons closed Public arrest for drunkenness down No money for enforcement Illegal alcohol production (bootleggers, speakeasies) Many people felt the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920, which prohibited alcohol, would reduce unemployment, domestic violence, and poverty. -The Volstead Act made the enforcement of Prohibition the responsibility of the U.S. Treasury Department. -Until the 1900s police powers- a government’s power to control people and property in the public’s interest, had been the job of the state governments. -Americans ignored the laws of Prohibition. They went to secret bars called speakeasies, where alcohol could be purchased—so called because one spoke quietly or easily to avoid detection. Crime became big business, and gangsters corrupted many local politicians and governments. Bootleggers (named for the smuggler’s practice of carrying liquor in the legs of boots came from Canada, Cuba, West Indies. Al Capone a gangster from Chicago had a bootlegging empire that made over $60 million a year. Capone took control of the Chicago liquor business by killing off his competition. During the 1920s headlines reported 522 bloody gang killings. -By the mid 1920s only 19% of Americans supported Prohibition. Small towns for the most part wanted it. In 1933 the ratification of the 21st Amendment ended Prohibition. It was a victory for modernism and a defeat for supporters of traditional values. The 18th Amendment is it working? The Saint Valentine's Day massacre is the name given to the murder of seven people as part of a Prohibition Era conflict between two powerful criminal gangs in Chicago, Illinois, in 1929: the South Side Italian gang led by Al Capone and the North Side Irish gang led by Bugs Moran. Former members of the Egan's Rats gang were also suspected to have played a large role in the St. Valentine's Day massacre, assisting Capone. Organized crime increases (Al Capone) Prohibition repealed (21st Am)

Cities struggle with prohibition and organized crime
Al Capone—Alphonse "Al" Capone was one of the most famous U.S. gangsters during the 1930s, a Chicago-based boss involved in illegal gambling, bootlegging (illegal alcohol) and prostitution. Capone got his start in New York, working as a thug and bouncer (where he got the three scars that spawned his nickname, "Scarface"). He moved to Chicago in 1919 and quickly moved up in the ranks of Johnny Torrio's gang. Capone was known for his smarts and brutality, and by 1925 he was in charge of one of Chicago's biggest criminal gangs. It was Capone's men who gunned down seven rivals in 1929 in what was called the "St. Valentine's Day Massacre." Arrested many times over the years, Capone was famously pursued by federal agent Eliot Ness and ended up finally going to jail for income tax evasion in After serving eight years in federal prisons, Capone was released on good behavior (and because he'd been suffering from syphilis-related ailments). Capone retired to his estate in Florida and died in 1947 of heart failure. -Convicted of tax evasion only

The Twenties Woman How have women’s clothing changed!
Section 2 The Twenties Woman How have women’s clothing changed! 1800s s A “new morality” challenged traditional ideas and glorified youth and personal freedom. New ideas about marriage, work, and pleasure affected the way people lived. Women broke away from families as they entered the workforce, earned their own livings, or attended college. The automobile gave American youth the opportunity to pursue interests away from parents. Women’s fashion drastically changed in the 1920s. The flapper, a young, dramatic, stylish, and unconventional woman, exemplified the change in women’s behavior. She smoked cigarettes, drank illegal liquor, and wore revealing clothes. Professionally, women made advances in the fields of science, medicine, law, and literature.

The New Woman Changing attitudes toward women allow them greater freedoms. Americans adopt radical new fashions and style Traditional and modern ideals collide. Double standard- Set of principles granting one group more freedom than another group. Working outside the home- By 1930 more than 10 million women had paid jobs outside the home. This was about ¼ of the American work force. Few women rose to jobs in management. Women earned less than men. Men regarded women as temporary workers whose real job was at home keeping house and raising children.

Let’s Watch Bernice Bobs Her Hair
Read page 664 for background information and copy the quiz. 1. Title of film? 2. Time Period? 3. Who is the author? 4. What is the social class of the main characters? poor middle class rich 5. How does the main character reflect the time period? Cite examples 6. What is a modern woman? 7. Explain how Bernice has the last laugh? 8. How does the film relate to Chapter 21?

Section 3—Impact of Radio and the Movies
2 important developments of the 1920s-Radio and Movies Radio unites the nation and gives political leaders direct access to the people KDKA-first commercial radio station Movies: Silent pictures then movies with sound (talkies) appear on big screen Movies help define national culture: people copy movie stars looks, clothes, cars The economic prosperity of the 1920s afforded many Americans leisure time for enjoying sports, music, theater, and entertainment. The mass media-radio, movies, newspapers, and magazines helped break down the focus on local interests. Mass media helped unify the nation and spread new ideas and attitudes. -Long b/f TV, radios became the first source of mass communication and entertainment available to people in their own homes. Radio united the nation and molded a national culture lie never before, as people across the nation enjoyed the same shows and heard the same news reports. It also transformed politics by giving leaders direct access to larger numbers of people. KDKA 1st commercial radio station went live on Nov 2, 1920 out of Pittsburgh. During the Great Depression President Roosevelt used the radio for his “fireside chats” to give people hope the Depression would get better and to invest their money back into banks. -In 1924 over 3 million radios were in use throughout the US. By the end of the 1920s over 10 million radios were in use. Popular radio programs were Amos’ N Andy and Jones and Hare. They could now listen to the president or the world series. During this same period the movie industry boomed in the US. First to silent pictures, then to movies with sound (called “talkies”) people flocked to the big screen. The fashions and lifestyles portrayed in the movies helped define a national culture. People all over the world wanted to wear the clothes they saw in the movies, drive the cars they saw on the screen, and take part in the fads popularized by Hollywood. As a result, movie stars became national icons. Grapes of Wrath became a popular movie that was about the Dust Bowl during the Great Depression. Gone with the Wind another movie Click on picture of Charlie Chaplin to see one of his silent films The twenties was called the Golden Age of sports. Many talented athletes set new records. These athletes were portrayed as superheroes by the media. Charles Lindbergh thrilled the nation by becoming the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.

Radio and Movies The Age of Radio “WABC”
The most powerful of the mass media was radio. Radio networks with stations in many cities were formed in the twenties. The networks did research to find out what people wanted to hear and gave it to them. Radio networks created something new in America: the shared national experience of hearing things as they happened. By 1930, 40 percent of American households had radios. From Dr Jekell and Mr. Hyde

Did You Know? During the 1920s, cosmetic sales soared as women tried to copy the look of Hollywood movie stars. The average American woman used about one pound of face powder a year.

Section 4 – The Harlem Renaissance
In New York City’s neighborhood of Harlem, African Americans created literary and artistic work that demonstrated racial pride and a sense of community. This became known as the Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes’s poems describe difficult lives of working class African Americans (P.665) - many written in jazz, blues tempo -The Great Migration occurred when hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the rural South headed to industrial cities in the hope of a better life. -In large northern cities, particularly New York City’s neighborhood of Harlem, African Americans created environments that stimulated artistic development, racial pride, a sense of community, and political organizations, which led to a massive creative outpouring of African American arts. This became known as the Harlem Renaissance-a literary and artistic movement celebrating AA culture -Langston Hughes became the leading voice of the African American experience in the U.S. AA best known poet. Many of his 1920 poems describe the difficult lives of the working class AA. Poem on Pg. 665 -led by well-educated middle class AA who expressed a new pride in the AA experience. African-American Writers • Harlem world’s largest black urban area; people from U.S., Caribbean • Harlem Renaissance—African-American literary, artistic movement - express pride in African-American experience • Claude McKay’s poems urge blacks to resist prejudice, discrimination • Langston Hughes’s poems describe difficult lives of working class - many written in jazz, blues tempo • Zora Neale Hurston shows folkways, values of poor, Southern blacks

African Americans and the Jazz Age
Jazz becomes popular form of music after WWI out of New Orleans (mixes ragtime and blues) Louis Armstrong, a trumpeter & singer, among most famous jazz musicians Jazz crosses boundaries-black and whites both love it In Harlem’s Cotton Club, famous African American musicians like Duke Ellington got their start The 20s also saw great cultural accomplishments within the AA community. Jazz became a popular from of music after WWI, as musical artist from Louisiana and Mississippi brought their talents to northern cities. Its fast pace rhythm inspired new dances like the Charleston and helped create a thriving nightlife. Jazz was born in the early 20th C in New Orleans where musicians blended instrumental ragtime and vocal blues into a new sound. In 1922 a trumpet player Louis Armstrong from New Orleans joined Joe King Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band. Famous for his astounding sense of rhythm and his ability to improvise, Armstrong made personal expression a key part of jazz. He later joined Fletcher Henderson’s band the most important band in NY city. Armstrong went on to become the most important and influential musician in the history of jazz. -During the 1920s Harlem pulsed to the sounds of jazz and it became popular for dancing. Throngs of whites came to Harlem to dance and listen to the music. One of the most famous nightclubs was called the Cotton Club. At the Cotton Club, some famous African American musicians, such as Duke Ellington, got their start. Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington a jazz pianist and composer led his 10 piece orchestra at the Cotton Club. Click on Jazz Age to listen to Jazz Click on Louis pic and listen to him sing What A wonderful World The music called Jazz was born sometime around 1895 in New Orleans. It combined elements of Ragtime, marching band music and Blues. What differentiated Jazz from these earlier styles was the widespread use of improvisation, often by more than one player at a time. Jazz represented a break from Western musical traditions, where the composer wrote a piece of music on paper and the musicians then tried their best to play exactly what was in the score. In a Jazz piece, the song is often just a starting point or frame of reference for the musicians to improvise around. The song might have been a popular ditty or blues that they didn't compose, but by the time they were finished with it they had composed a new piece that often bore little resemblance to the original song. Many of these virtuoso musicians were not good sight readers and some could not read music at all, nevertheless their playing thrilled audiences and the spontaneous music they created captured a joy and sense of adventure that was an exciting and radical departure from the music of that time. The first Jazz was played by African-American and Creole musicians in New Orleans. The cornet player, Buddy Bolden is generally considered to be the first real Jazz musician. Other early players included Freddie Keppard, Bunk Johnson and Clarence Williams. Although these musicians names are unknown to most people, then and now, their ideas are still being elaborated on to this day. Most of these men could not make a living with their music and were forced to work menial jobs to get by. The second wave of New Orleans Jazz musicians like Joe "King" Oliver, Kid Ory and Jelly Roll Morton formed small bands that took the music of these older men and increased the complexity and dynamic of their music, as well as gaining greater commercial success. This music became known as "Hot Jazz", because of the often breakneck speeds and amazing improvised polyphony that these bands produced. A young virtuoso cornet player named Louis Armstrong was discovered in New Orleans by King Oliver. Armstrong soon grew to become the greatest Jazz musician of his era and eventually one of the biggest stars in the world. The impact of Armstrong and other Jazz musicians altered the course of both popular and Classical music. African-American musical styles became the dominant force in 20th century music. Louis Armstrong

Musicians and Writers

Irving Berlin was a Jewish American songwriter
Tin Pan Alley Tin Pan Alley is the nickname given to the collection of New York City-centered music publishers and songwriters in the late 1890s. Irving Berlin was a Jewish American songwriter Berlin eventually composed over 3,000 songs, many of which (e.g. "God Bless America", "White Christmas", "Anything You Can Do", "There's No Business Like Show Business") The start of Tin Pan Alley is usually dated to about 1885, when a number of music publishers set up shop in the same district of Manhattan. The end of Tin Pan Alley is less clear cut. Some date it to the start of the Great Depression in the 1930s when the phonograph and radio supplanted sheet music as the driving force of American popular music, while others consider Tin Pan Alley to have continued into the 1950s when earlier styles of American popular music were upstaged by the rise of rock & roll.Became the center of America’s pop music scene -Tin Pan Alley was given it name b/c of the many pianos banking away at the same time in the small Manhattan area along 28th street between 6th Avenue and Broadway. _Tin Pan Alley supplied songs for Vaudeville which were live stage shows. Aspiring songwriters pounded the doors of the music publishers on Tin Pan Alley. Many songwriters were discovered here—including Irving Berlin-wrote Alexanders ragtime Band”. Irving Berlin (May 11, 1888 – September 22, 1989) was a Jewish American composer and lyricist, and one of the most prolific American songwriters in history. Berlin was one of the few Tin Pan Alley/Broadway songwriters who wrote both lyrics and music for his songs. Although he never learned to read music beyond a rudimentary level, with the help of various uncredited musical assistants or collaborators, he eventually composed over 3,000 songs, many of which (e.g. "God Bless America", "White Christmas", "Anything You Can Do", "There's No Business Like Show Business") left an indelible mark on music and culture worldwide. He composed seventeen film scores and twenty-one Broadway scores. Tin Pan Alley also saw songwriters and publishers organize for more rights like in the area of copyright protection. The success of Tin Pan Alley was not to last. The advent of the radio and the phonograph put a damper on sheet music sales I�m dreaming of a white christmas, Just like the ones I used to know Where the treetops glisten and children listen To hear sleigh bells in the snow I�m dreaming of a white christmas, Just like the ones I used to know Where the treetops glisten and children listen To hear sleigh bells in the snow I�m dreaming of a white christmas, With every christmas card I write May your days be merry and bright, And may all your christmases be white I�m dreaming of a white christmas, Just like the ones I used to know May your days be merry and bright, And may all your christmases be white I�m dreaming of a white christmas, With every christmas card I write May your days be merry and bright, And may all your christmases be white May your days be merry and bright, And may all your christmases be white And may all your christmases be white (all your christmases be white) And may all your christmases be white (all your christmases be white) And may all your christmases be (all your christmases be white) (all your christmases be white)

The Great Depression Begins
Chapter 22 AS the 1920s advanced, serious problems threatened economic prosperity. Although some Americans became wealthy, many more could not earn a decent living. Important industries struggled and farmers grew more crops and raised more livestock than they could sell at a profit. Both consumers and farmers were steadily going deeper into debt. As the decade drew to a close , these slippages in the economy signaled the end of an era. Before the Great Depression, the US placed tariffs on goods coming from other countries to protect us and to isolate us from Europe. This will trigger a worldwide depression because we are not helping buy other countries goods. Dictators will promise the people to help them…leading to WWII.

Warm up The year is 1929. The US economy has collapsed.
Farms and businesses are failing everywhere, causing massive unemployment and poverty. You are out of work with little prospect of finding a job. What would you do to feed your family?

The Nation’s Sick Economy Read pages Describe each area of the economy that helped cause the Great Depression on the chart. Industry Agriculture Consumer Spending Distribution of wealth Stock Market Industries--Key basic industries such as RR, textiles, and steel had barely made a profit in the 1920s. RR lost business to new forms of transportation (trucks, buses, private automobiles) Mining and lumbering were no longer in high demand after the war. Coal mining hit hard b/c of competition from new energy types—hydroelectric power, fuel oil, natural gas. Even automobiles, construction, and consumer goods weakened. One important economic indicator that declined during this time was the number of new houses being built—when housing falls so does a number of other jobs—furniture manufacturing and lumbering. Agriculture-Ag suffered the most. During WWI prices rose and international demand for crops such as wheat and corn scored. Farmers had planted more seed and taken out loans for land and equipment however, demand fell after the war, and crop prices declined by 40 percent. Farmers had a surplus of crops and this made the prices of them even lower due to the large amount on the market. B/t annual farm income declined from 10 billion to 4 billion. Farmers that had gone into debt had difficulty paying back their loans. Most lost their farms when banks foreclosed and seized the property as payment for the debt. Congress tried to help out farmers with McNary-Haugen bill that called for federal price supports for key products such as wheat, corn, cotton, and tobacco. President Coolidge vetoed the bill twice. Consumer Spending-As farmers’ incomes fell, they bought less. But also American were buying less—mainly because of rising prices, stagnant wages, unbalanced distribution of income, overbuying on credit in the years before. Production had increased faster than wages resulting in a gap in the rich and poor. Although many American appeared to be prosperous in the 1920s many were living on credit-an arrangement in which consumers agree to buy now and pay later. (installment plans). Huge consumer debt began. Many had problems paying back the debt and they cut back on spending to help. Distribution of Wealth—during the 1920s the rich got richer, and the poor got poorer. B/t 1920 and 1929, the income of the wealthiest 1 percent of the population rose by 75 percent compared with a 9 percent increase for Americans as a whole. More than 70 percent of the nation’s families earned less than $2,500 per year-then considered the minimum amount needed for a decent standard of living. Even families earning twice that much couldn’t afford many of the household products that manufacturers produced. The average man or woman bought a new outfit only once a year. Half the homes in the US had electric lights or a furnace for heat. Only one in ten homes had an electric refrigerator. Stock Market- Although by 1929 some economists had warned of the weaknesses of the economy, most Americans maintained utmost confidence in the nation’s economic health. In increasing numbers those who could afford to invest in the stock market did. People were eager to take advantage of the bull market—a period of rising stock prices. By million Americans owned stock. However the seeds of trouble were taking root. People were engaging in speculation…buying stocks and bonds on the chance of a quick profit, ignoring the risks. Many began buying on margin—paying a small percentage of a stock’s price as a down payment and borrowing the rest. In reality these rising prices did not reflect the companies worth. Worse, if stocks declined, people who had bought on margin had no way to pay off the loans.

Section 1-Causes of the Great Depression
Overproduction/Underconsumption led to falling prices Consumerism-spending more than you save (installment plans) Buying risky stocks on speculation and “Buying on the Margin” Stock Market Crash of 1929 ("Black Tuesday”) Superficial prosperity: (overproduction/underconsumption led to falling prices) Unequal distribution of income Problems in industry and the farm sector Increasing consumer debts Stock market speculation and crash Many Americans bought on the installment plan, making down payment and paying the rest in monthly installments. Paying off installment debts left little money to purchase other goods. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff intensified the Depression. How? Raised taxes on imports and worsened the Depression Instead of raising interest rates to stop speculation, the Federal Reserve made the mistake of lowering the rates. This encouraged banks to make risky loans and misled business owners into thinking the economy was still expanding.

The Great Depression and the Stock Market
Great Depression=period from in which the economy plummeted and unemployment soared Speculation- buying stocks on the chance of a quick profit, ignoring the risks Buying on the Margin-paying a small percentage of a stock’s price as a down payment and borrowing the rest Stock Market- Although by 1929 some economists had warned of the weaknesses of the economy, most Americans maintained utmost confidence in the nation’s economic health. In increasing numbers those who could afford to invest in the stock market did. People were eager to take advantage of the bull market—a period of rising stock prices. By million Americans owned stock. However the seeds of trouble were taking root. People were engaging in speculation…buying stocks and bonds on the chance of a quick profit, ignoring the risks. Many began buying on margin—paying a small percentage of a stock’s price as a down payment and borrowing the rest. In reality these rising prices did not reflect the companies worth. Worse, if stocks declined, people who had bought on margin had no way to pay off the loans. -Republican Herbert Hoover became president in 1929, at a time when the US economy was about to collapse. On Oct 29, 1929 a date known as Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed. Prices dropped drastically and many who had bout on speculation or margin lost everything. Others were financially ruined as brokers and banks began to call in loans that people had no money to pay. The disaster marked the beginning of the Great Depression that lasted for more than a decade and remain the greatest economic crisis in US history. The number of shares that dumped that day was 16.4 million. Additional million of shares could not find buyers. People who had bought stock on credit were left with huge debt and others lost their life savings. By mid November, investors had lost about $30 billion—an amount equal to what the US spent in WWI. While this did not cause the Great Depression, it did undermine the economy’s ability to hold out against its other weaknesses. The stock market crash weakened the nation’s banks. Banks lost money on their investments, and speculators defaulted on loans. Because the government did not insure bank deposits, customers lost their money if a bank closed. After the crash many people panicked and withdrew all their money from the banks--Bank runs resulted as many bank customers withdrew their money at the same time, causing the bank to collapse. In banks close, by ,000 of the nations 25,000 banks had failed. Because the govt did not protect or insure bank accounts, millions of people lost their savings. -Millions of workers lose their jobs—unemployment went from 3 percent (1.6 million workers) to in 1929 to 25 percent (13 million) In One out of every 4 was out of a job. The US wasn’t the only country gripped by the Great Depression. Much of Europe had suffered in the 1920s and were trying to recover from the war and war debts (Germany especially). The GD compounded these problems as America becomes unable to import European goods and other countries are unable to import our manufactured goods or farm products. Businesses were hurt—b/t the Gross National Product (GNP) the nations total output of goods and services was nearly cut in half from 104 billion to 59 billion. 90,000 businesses went bankrupt The Roots of the Great Depression The uneven distribution of wealth in the US added to the country’s economic problems. In 1929 the top 5 percent of American households earned 30 percent of the country’s income. More than two-thirds of the nations families earned less than $2,500 a year. Low consumption added to the economic problems. Workers’ wages did not increase fast enough to keep up with the quick production of goods. As sales decreased, workers were laid off, resulting in a chain reaction that further hurt the economy.

The Great Depression and the Stock Market
Stock Market Crash of October 29, 1929-prices drop, people who bought stock on margin or speculation lose everything! Was not the only cause, but marks the beginning of the Great Depression Banks and businesses fail, jobs lost, and the world suffers Unemployment goes from 3% in 1929 to 25% in 1933 By 1933, 11,000 of the nation’s 25,000 banks had closed FIX STOCK MARKET CRASH DATE Stock Market- Although by 1929 some economists had warned of the weaknesses of the economy, most Americans maintained utmost confidence in the nation’s economic health. In increasing numbers those who could afford to invest in the stock market did. People were eager to take advantage of the bull market—a period of rising stock prices. By million Americans owned stock. However the seeds of trouble were taking root. People were engaging in speculation…buying stocks and bonds on the chance of a quick profit, ignoring the risks. Many began buying on margin—paying a small percentage of a stock’s price as a down payment and borrowing the rest. In reality these rising prices did not reflect the companies worth. Worse, if stocks declined, people who had bought on margin had no way to pay off the loans. -Republican Herbert Hoover became president in 1929, at a time when the US economy was about to collapse. On Oct 29, 1929 a date known as Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed. Prices dropped drastically and many who had bout on speculation or margin lost everything. Others were financially ruined as brokers and banks began to call in loans that people had no money to pay. The disaster marked the beginning of the Great Depression that lasted for more than a decade and remain the greatest economic crisis in US history. The number of shares that dumped that day was 16.4 million. Additional million of shares could not find buyers. People who had bought stock on credit were left with huge debt and others lost their life savings. By mid November, investors had lost about $30 billion—an amount equal to what the US spent in WWI. While this did not cause the Great Depression, it did undermine the economy’s ability to hold out against its other weaknesses. The stock market crash weakened the nation’s banks. Banks lost money on their investments, and speculators defaulted on loans. Because the government did not insure bank deposits, customers lost their money if a bank closed. After the crash many people panicked and withdrew all their money from the banks--Bank runs resulted as many bank customers withdrew their money at the same time, causing the bank to collapse. In banks close, by ,000 of the nations 25,000 banks had failed. Because the govt did not protect or insure bank accounts, millions of people lost their savings. -Millions of workers lose their jobs—unemployment went from 3 percent (1.6 million workers) to in 1929 to 25 percent (13 million) In One out of every 4 was out of a job. The US wasn’t the only country gripped by the Great Depression. Much of Europe had suffered in the 1920s and were trying to recover from the war and war debts (Germany especially). The GD compounded these problems as America becomes unable to import European goods and other countries are unable to import our manufactured goods or farm products. Businesses were hurt—b/t the Gross National Product (GNP) the nations total output of goods and services was nearly cut in half from 104 billion to 59 billion. 90,000 businesses went bankrupt The Roots of the Great Depression The uneven distribution of wealth in the US added to the country’s economic problems. In 1929 the top 5 percent of American households earned 30 percent of the country’s income. More than two-thirds of the nations families earned less than $2,500 a year. Low consumption added to the economic problems. Workers’ wages did not increase fast enough to keep up with the quick production of goods. As sales decreased, workers were laid off, resulting in a chain reaction that further hurt the economy.

Hoover #31 Republican Self-made millionaire by age 40
All payment to public service went to charity Held no political office prior to presidency Believed prosperity was “Just around the corner”

Section 2-3—Hardship and Suffering during the Depression
Homeless built shacks in Shantytowns, which they referred to as “Hoovervilles” because they blamed President Hoover for their financial trouble. Soup kitchens and breadlines- provided free food. Farmers: In 1932, A terrible drought in the Great Plains, caused the region to become a “ Dustbowl” Farmers also overfarmed the land and grasslands not suitable for farming 1,000s of farmers pack up and move west to CA Following the stock market crash of 1929, the US economy unraveled. People rushed to withdraw their money from banks, causing them to close. People stopped investing in the stock market. Causing stock prices to fall even farther. One out of every four people didn’t have a job. Countless numbers of people became homeless. Many people had to rely on soup kitchens and breadlines that provided food for the poor in order to have anything to eat. In larger cities, many of the homeless gathered to live in homemade shacks. These makeshift villages became known as Hoovervilles, in reference to the president who much of the nation blamed its woes on. As the nation approached the election of 1932, many citizens felt hopeless and desperate. The nation needed leadership and direction. -SSUSH: Overfarming and climate led to the Dust Bowl and the resulting movement west. Many Midwestern farmers and Great Plains farmers lost their farms. Many families moved west to California hoping to find a better life, but most still faced poverty and homelessness. Many were called Oakies (from Oklahoma originally) and found work as farmhands or continued to wander for work. -The Dust Bowl—The drought began in the early 1930s wreaked havoc on the Great Plains. Farmers had exausted the land through overproduction to make matters worse. When the drought began in the 1930s little grass and few trees were left to hold the soil down. Wind scattered the topsoil, exposing sand and grit. The dust traveled hundreds of miles. One windstorm in 1934 picked up millions of tons of dust from the plains and carried it to the East Coast cities. Causes of dust bowl-wind, sand, overproduction/farming President Hoover believed that the Great Depression was just another slow down that would end on its own. His advisors thought that it was best to do nothing. The economy would heal itself. Hoover believed the government should take some action. But he also believed that government should not take too much power or give direct aid to poor people. He believed in “rugged individualism” the idea that people should succeed through their own efforts. Men in the Streets—many men had difficulty coping with unemployment and everyday would set out in search of jobs. So men became so discouraged after months and even years of looking they simply stopped trying or abandoned their families. 300,000 wanderers or “Hoboes” wandered the country hitching rides, sleeping under bridges. During the early years of the Great Depression, there was no federal system of direct relief—cash payments or food provided by the govt. Children suffered—lack of nutrition. Test Ques--A huge psychological burden fell on people—b/t the suicide rate rose more than 30 percent. Three times as many people were admitted to state mental hospitals.

Pictures of the Depression

Shanty Towns-Hoovervilles

Images from the Depression

The New Deal Chapter 23 SSUSH18 The student will describe Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the depression and compare the ways governmental programs aided those in need. a. Describe the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority as a works program and as an effort to control the environment. (23.1, 23.5) b. Explain the Wagner Act and the rise of industrial unionism. (23.2) c. Explain the passage of the Social Security Act as a part of the second New Deal. (23.2, 23.5) d. Identify Eleanor Roosevelt as a symbol of social progress and women’s activism. (23.1-3) e. Identify the political challenges to Roosevelt’s domestic and international leadership; include the role of Huey Long, the “court packing bill,” and the Neutrality Act. (23.1-2, 23.5, 24.1)

Warm up-The New Deal The administration of FDR was often referred to as the “Alphabet Soup Administration” because it created many new, acronym friendly gov’t agencies, including the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) and the WPA (Works Progress Administration). Look on P. 706 and list three more agencies and what their purpose was.

Section 1—A New Deal Helps Fight Depression
In 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) becomes president The New Deal was the name that FDR gave to his package of economic programs to help the Depression. The New Deal had 3 goals—3 R’s: giving Relief to the unemployed and badly hurt farmers Reform of business and financial practices promoting Recovery of the economy The First Hundred Days of his administration FDR pushes programs through The United States presidential election of 1932 took place as the effects of the 1929 Wall Street Crash and the Great Depression were being felt intensely across the country. President Herbert Hoover's popularity was falling as voters felt he was unable to reverse the economic collapse, or deal with prohibition. Franklin D. Roosevelt used what he called Hoover's failure to deal with these problems as a platform for his own election, promising reform in his policy called the New Deal. Roosevelt won by a landslide. FDR was a much needed image of hope for a nation battered by the Great Depression. He became the first president to use the radio to his advantage. Speaking directly to the nation in his Fireside Chats Roosevelt helped instill confidence and even succeeded in getting people to redeposit their money in banks. -Unlike the presidents before him, he was ready to use government actions to deal with the nation’s crisis. -He believed the govt needed to provide direct relief (federal help) to those who were hurting. Roosevelt believed the govt had to do deficit spending (govt spends borrowed money) to help get the US economy moving in the right direction. -To do this Roosevelt implemented his New Deal. -The period from FDR’s inauguration in March to June 16 became known as the first hundred days. During this time Roosevelt pushed program after program through Congress in an effort to provide economic relief and recovery. Congress passed more than 15 major pieces of New Deal legislation. Franklin Delano Roosevelt-Paralyzed by polio in Only president elected to four consecutive terms His inauguration on March 4, 1933 occurred in the middle of a bank panic, hence the backdrop for his famous words: "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself." The very next day Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act which declared a "bank holiday" and announced a plan to allow banks to reopen. However, the number of banks that opened their doors after the "holiday" was less than the number that had been open before.[52] This was his first proposed step to recovery. To give Americans confidence in the banks, Roosevelt signed the Glass-Stegall Act that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Click on FDR’s name to listen to fireside chat on banking

New Deal-Alphabet Soup…
All of the different acts passed in the New Deal became known as alphabet soup because they all had different abbreviations

First New Deal: Tennessee Valley Authority
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Helped depressed Tennessee River Valley area Renovated 5 dams & built 20 new dams Created 1,000s of jobs, Provided cheap electricity for rural areas in South Provided flood control, hydroelectric power Take a look at P Glass Steagall Act of 1933 est FDIC (federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) that provides federal insurance for money in banks up to $5,000. The Stock Market was regulated with the Federal Securities Act which made corporations provide complete info on all stock offerings and prevent “insiders” from trying to rig the stock market for their own profit. AAA-Agricultural Adjustment Act-sought to raise crop prices by lowering production-govt paid farmers to leave a certain amount of acre of land unseeded. It helped raise farm prices. CCC-Civilian Conservation Corps provided jobs for single males on conservation projects –look on P. 706 to see all the New Deal Programs Providing Work Projects • Civilian Conservation Corps—public works jobs for young men age builds roads, parks, plant trees, soil erosion projects. Paid small wage $30 a month and gave free food and uniforms. • Public Works Administration—money to states to create jobs • Civil Works Administration builds rural schools, pays teachers The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) est on May 18, 1933—P focused on helping the badly depressed TN River Valley area. It renovated 5 dams and constructed 20 new ones, created thousands of jobs and provided flood control, hydroelectric power and other benefits to this region. -The TVA harnessed water power to generate electricity and help prevent disastrous floods in TN Valley. The govt also added to the national park system in the 1930s, est wildlife refuges. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly impacted by the Great Depression. The TVA was envisioned not only as a provider, but also as a regional economic development agency that would use federal experts and electricity to rapidly modernize the region's economy and society. The TVA's jurisdiction covers most of Tennessee, parts of Alabama, Mississippi, and Kentucky, and small slices of Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia. hydrodam.pdf

Challenges to FDR’s New Deal & his Court Packing Bill
The Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937, (court-packing bill), was an attempt by FDR to add more justices to the Supreme Court to swing more support in favor of New Deal programs It would have granted the President power to appoint 6 new Supreme Court justices Congress protests bill and strikes it down By the end of the 100 days, millions of Americans had benefitted from the first New Deal programs. The public is starting to have more confidence in the nation’s future. -Although President FDR did deficit spending—spending more money than the govt receives in revenue—he did so with great reluctance. He saw it as a necessary evil to be used at a time of great economic crisis. The New Deal did not end the Depression and opposition grew among some groups against the program. Some did not like to socialize the economy and thought the federal govt was getting too much control over industry and agriculture. -The Supreme Court in the 1930s struck down two of FDRs programs (NIRA and AAA) saying it went beyond the Presidents authority and gave powers to the president that is for congress, etc. -Fearing that the Court would strike down other New Deal programs, FDR proposed in Feb 1937 that Congress enact a court-reform bill to reorganize the federal judiciary and allow him to appoint 6 new supreme court justices. This “Court Packing Bill” aroused a storm of protest in congress and the press. Many people believed the president was violating the principles of judicial independence and separation of powers. As it turned out the president got his way without reorganizing the judiciary. In 1937 an elderly justice retired and Roosevelt appointed liberal Judge Hugo S. Black, shifting the court in his favor. Rulings of the Court began to favor the New Deal. Over the next four years, because of further resignations, Roosevelt was able to appoint 7 new justices. Its most important provision would have granted the President power to appoint an additional Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court for every sitting member over the age of 70½, up to a maximum of six.

Challenges to FDR: Huey Long
Senator Huey Pierce Long (The Kingfish) challenges FDR’s New Deal with his own social program “Share-Our-Wealth” Disagrees with deficit spending Wants to run for president Long is assassinated in 1935 Perhaps the most serious challenge to the New Deal was from Senator Huey Long of Louisiana. Long was an early supporter of the New Deal but he turned against FDR. Eager to win the presidency himself, he proposed a nationwide program called Share-Our-Wealth. Under the banner “Every Man a king” he promised something for everyone. He says “We owe debts in America today amounting to $252 billion. That means every child is born with a $2,000 debt tied around his neck. We propose that children shall be born in a land of opportunity, guaranteed a home, food, clothes, and the other things that make for living, including the right to education.” -Long’s program was so popular that by 1935 that he had 27,000 Share-Our-Wealth clubs and 7.5 million members. That same year he was gunned down by a lone gunman. Huey Pierce Long, Jr. (August 30, September 10, 1935), nicknamed The Kingfish, served as the Governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a U.S. senator from 1932 to A Democrat, he was noted for his radical populist policies. Though a backer of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, Long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and allegedly planned to mount his own presidential bid. Long created the Share Our Wealth program in 1934, with the motto "Every Man a King," proposing new wealth redistribution measures in the form of a net asset tax on corporations and individuals to curb the poverty and crime resulting from the Great Depression. To stimulate the economy, Long advocated federal spending on public works, public education, old-age pensions and other social programs. He was an ardent critic of the Federal Reserve System's policies to reduce lending. Charismatic and immensely popular for his social reform programs and willingness to take forceful action, Long was accused by his opponents of dictatorial tendencies for his near-total control of the state government. At the height of his popularity, Long was shot on September 8, 1935, at the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge. He died two days later at the age of 42. It is unclear whether he was assassinated or accidentally killed by bodyguards who believed an assassination attempt was in progress. His last words were reportedly, "God, don't let me die. I have so much left to do." Senator Huey Long of Louisiana (March 7, 1935).

Section 2-The Second New Deal Takes Hold
First lady Eleanor Roosevelt She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, FDR, and assumed a role as an advocate for civil rights for women and minorities She urged the President to appoint women to gov’t positions By 1935 The Roosevelt Admin was seeking to build upon the programs est. during the 1st hundred days. Although the economy had improved during FDR first two years in office, the gains were not as great as he expected. Unemployment remained high despite govt work programs and production still lagged behind the levels of the 1920s. Nevertheless, the New Deal enjoyed widespread popularity, and FDR launched a Second New Deal (2nd hundred days) where he called on Congress to help provide more relief for farmers and workers. The President was prodded in this direction by his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt. A social reformer who traveled the country observing the social conditions and reminding the President about the suffering of the nation’s people. She urged him to appoint women to government positions. ER the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and assumed a role as an advocate for civil rights. After her husband's death in 1945, Roosevelt continued to be an internationally prominent author, speaker, politician, and activist for the New Deal coalition. She worked to enhance the status of working women, Advocated child welfare, housing reform SSUSH-Identify ER as a symbol of social progress and women’s activism In 1936 Presidential election-1st time that most AA vote Democrat for FDR.

Improving Labor Conditions
The Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act) Protects the right of workers to join unions and collective bargaining with employers Prohibits unfair labor practices such as threatening workers, firing union members, stopping union organizing National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) set up to hear unfair practices Fair Labor Standards Act sets max working hours—40 hrs a week and minimum wage SSUSH-Explain the Wagner act and the rise of industrial unionism Improving Labor Conditions -With the help of the 2nd New Deal FDR brought about important reforms in the areas of labor relations and economic security for retired workers. -In 1935 one of the first reforms of the 2nd New Deal was the passage of the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) after its sponsor Senator Robert E. Wagner). Protects the right of workers to join unions and collective bargaining with employers -Also prohibited unfair labor practices such as threatening workers, firing union members, interfering with union organizing -National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) set up to hear testimony about unfair practices and hold elections to find out if workers want union representation. -In 1938 Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act which set the max hours at 44 hours per week, decreasing to 40 hours after 2 years. Set min wage at 25 cents an hour, increasing to 40 cents an hour by Also set rules for employment of workers under 16 and banned hazardous work for those under 18. The National Labor Relations Act (or Wagner Act, after Robert F. Wagner) is a 1935 United States federal law that limits the means with which employers may react to workers in the private sector that labor unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. The Act does not, on the other hand, cover those workers who are covered by the Railway Labor Act, agricultural employees, domestic employees, supervisors, federal state or local government workers, independent contractors and some close relatives of individual employers. Led to the rise of unions.

The Second New Deal— The Social Security Act
1935, Social Security Act creates Social Security system; provides: - insurance for retirees 65 or older - unemployment compensation - aid to disabled, families with children SSUSH-Explain the passage of the SSA as part of the Second New Deal One of the most important achievements of the New Deal was creating the Social Security system. The Social Security Act 1935, Social Security Act creates Social Security system; provides: - insurance for retirees 65 or older-supplemental insurance program. Half the funds come from the worker and the other from the employer. Helped make retirement comfortable for millions of people - unemployment compensation-funded by a federal tax on employers. The initial payments ranged from $5-18 per week. - aid to disabled, families with children-paid by federal funds It became law in 1935, providing security for the elderly, unemployed workers, and other needy people. The bill would provide a monthly retirement benefit and unemployment insurance. Workers earned the right to receive the benefits by paying premiums. Social Security helped many people but initially it left out many of the neediest members of society such as famers and domestic workers. The New Deal legacy has many dimensions. It brought hope and gratitude for some people. It also brought anger and criticism from those who believed it took more of their money in taxes and curtailed their freedom through increased govt regulation. The deficit spending necessary to fund the New Deal programs grew as the nation entered WWII

The Roaring ’20s and the Great Depression

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