2. Earthquakes and earthquake (or seismic) waves Pages 332-333, 338-341, 358-361

3. EARTHQUAKE: Vibrations caused by the sudden release of energy stored in the rocks (page 332) SEISMIC WAVES or EARTHQUAKE WAVES : Energy that moves through the earth because of an earthquake (page 332)

4. PROPERTIES OF WAVES In a uniform medium, a wave radiates outwards as concentric spheres at constant velocity Velocity of a wave depends on the nature of the medium When a wave passes from one medium to another, it refracts (bends) and/or reflects (page 358)

5. There are two broad groups of seismic waves (page 338) Body waves Can travel through the interior of the earth Surface waves Travel along the surface of the earth

6. Body waves are used to study the internal structure of the earth (pages 358-359) Two different types of body waves (page 338) PRIMARY or COMPRESSIONAL waves (P-waves) SECONDARY or SHEAR waves (S-waves)

7. Compressional Wave (P-Wave) Animation Deformation propagates. Particle motion consists of alternating compression and dilation. Particle motion is parallel to the direction of propagation (longitudinal). Material returns to its original shape after wave passes. http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/waves/WaveDemo.htm

8. Shear Wave (S-Wave) Animation Deformation propagates. Particle motion consists of alternating transverse motion. Particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of propagation (transverse). Transverse particle motion shown here is vertical but can be in any direction. However, Earth’s layers tend to cause mostly vertical (SV; in the vertical plane) or horizontal (SH) shear motions. Material returns to its original shape after wave passes. http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/waves/WaveDemo.htm

9. P- waves travel faster through solids than through liquids P-waves are faster than S-waves Both P-and S- waves travel faster through denser material Only P-waves can travel through liquids

10. S-waves do not pass through the outer core Figure on page 359

11. P-waves can pass through parts of the core Figure on page 359

12. The instrument used to record an earthquake Seismograph (page 339) Seismogram The actual record of an earthquake

13. (Page 341) Seismograms record the AMPLITUDE (height of the peaks) of the seismic waves against TIME along the horizontal axis Amplitude

14. What is the maximum amplitude recorded on this seismogram?

16. RICHTER MAGNITUDE SCALE Specifies the amplitude of the largest ground motion generated by the earthquake at a seismograph station located 100 km from the epicenter

17. The amplitude can be measured directly from a seismogram (more quantitative) The scale is logarithmic (page 341) An increase of one magnitude on the Richter scale means approximately 30- fold increase in energy released (page 341) Characteristics of Richter Scale