1. EARTHQUAKES

2. What is an Earthquake? Sudden movement in the Earth’s crust that releases energy as vibrations, or waves.vibrations, or waves Movement occurs along areas of weakness in the earth’s crust weakness Elastic Rebound Theory – tension or stress, elastic displacement, release

3. Elastic Rebound Elastic Rebound

4. This is more accurate

6. Crack in the crust along which movement occurs Location where the actual slippage or displacement occurs Place on earth’s surface directly above the focus

7. How is energy transmitted? Energy is transmitted through seismic (earthquake) waves or vibrations Types of earthquake waves: P- waves: Primary waves –Travel fastest, arrive first S- waves: Secondary waves –Travel more slowly than p-waves, arrive after P-wave

8. Wave Propagation (transmission) Longitudinal: –Particles move parallel to the direction wave travels

9. Primary waves (p-waves) Longitudinal wave Make the ground vibrate back and forth Arrive at seismic recording stations first Can travel through solids, liquids and gases (Solids and Fluids)

10. Transverse waves –Particles move perpendicular to direction of wave motion

11. Secondary waves (s-waves) Transverse wave Travel about ½ as fast as p-waves Make the ground vibrate from side to side, up and down Can only travel through solids ONLY

12. Dey go like… Dis!

13. Earthquake Waves

14. in the same medium, P waves travel at a greater velocity (speed) than S waves. However, the velocities of seismic waves depend upon the physical properties of the material through which the waves travel (medium). Higher density media result in a higher velocity of wave propagation. in the same medium, P waves travel at a greater velocity (speed) than S waves. However, the velocities of seismic waves depend upon the physical properties of the material through which the waves travel (medium). Higher density media result in a higher velocity of wave propagation. Velocities:

15. Fill in the chart and graph below: WavePS Type Relative Velocity It go Like dis Transmitted through Compressional Or Longitudinal Shear Or Transverse FasterSlower Solids AND FluidsSolids ONLY

17. Types of Seismic Waves Body waves: travel through the earth –P-waves –S-waves Surface waves: –Form when p and s waves reach the surface –Move slowly –Cause the most damagedamage

18. How are earthquakes detected? Seismograph: an instrument attached to the Earth designed to detect crustal shifts Seismogram: recording of the earthquake waves by the Seismograph machinerecording

21. Seismographs

23. Seismogram

24. Mount St. Helens, Washington Seismogram, Station CPW, May 18, 1980 (located 70 miles northwest)

25. How is the strength of an earthquake measured? Mercalli scale (un-scientific): –Based upon reports from people in affected area including damage and what was feltdamage –Also known as Mercalli Intensity Richter Magnitude Scale: –Measured using the wave size on seismogram –Magnitude scale (ex. An earthquake of 5 has 10 times as much energy released as a 4)

26. Indian Ocean December 26, 2004 9.0 Off the coast of Honshu, Japan March 12, 2011 9.0

27. Tsunami Large wavelength wave produced by strong underwater earthquakes in the oceanic crust. As wave approaches shore the height grows and can produce 30 m waves in extreme cases.

28. Tsunami

29. Recent Footage: 1.Miyako Surge – coastal fishing cityMiyako Surge 2.Miyagi Surge – 6 miles inland6 miles inland 3.Miyagi CoastMiyagi Coast 4. Before and after aerial slidesBefore and after