1. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk An Investigation of Passenger Exit Selection Decisions In Aircraft Evacuation Decisions Fire Safety Engineering Group University of Greenwich http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Ed Galea, M. Togher and P.Lawrence Presented by Prof Ed Galea Follow everyone else. Where are the exits? Go to nearest exit? Are all the exits the same ?

2. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk CONTENTS Introduction Public Understanding of Aircraft Evacuation Survey Questions and Main Results Conclusions and Further Work

3. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk INTRODUCTION The most common type of aircraft is the narrow body single aisle aircraft used for short haul flights (e.g. B737, A320 etc). Analysis of survivable accidents involving narrow body aircraft with 3 exits pairs, in which at least one exit from each pair was available found over 50% of passengers used the over wing exit. During industry standard evacuation 90 s certification trial only 28% use the over wing exit. Why do so many passengers use the over wing exit in accidents?

4. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk The Over Wing exit: –Is the smallest exit on the aircraft, –Most difficult to utilise, –Provides the slowest flow rate INTRODUCTION

5. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to: –Identify level of passenger knowledge concerning aircraft exits –Use this information to suggest why a disproportionably large number of passengers use over wing exits during emergencies Important to understand why paxs overuse these exits: –Poor exit decisions can prove fatal –Improve safety briefing –Improve decision making capabilities in agent based evacuation models such as airEXODUS Follow everyone else. Where are the exits? Go to nearest exit? Are all the exits the same ?

6. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Public Understanding of Aircraft Evacuation Survey What do passengers really know about aircraft layouts? A total of 488 members of public were asked to complete a questionnaire Only 457 were considered eligible – exclude those with no flight experience. Questionnaire took 15-20 minutes to complete. 16 multi-part questions focussing on narrow body aircraft. 2 pilot trials conducted prior to launching main campaign.

7. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Public Understanding of Aircraft Evacuation Survey 16 questions 1-5Establishing participants basic flying experience

8. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Public Understanding of Aircraft Evacuation Survey 1-5 contd.Establishing participants basic flying experience

9. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Public Understanding of Aircraft Evacuation Survey 6-7Participant’s understanding of aircraft layout, (number, location and size of exits). 8-9Identify exit that participant would use if placed at an equal distance between 2 exits. 10-11 Same as 8-9 but at the rear of aircraft. 12-13Same as 8-9 but with additional information provided (size and location of exits). 14Participant asked to estimate how long it would take them to pass through a Type III overwing exit. 15-16Same as 8-9 but with additional information provided (speed of exits).

10. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Q6:How many exits would you find on this kind of aircraft? Ans: Correct 78% 357 participants Wrong22%102 participants Correct Answer : 316 (6 exits) or 41 (8 exits)

11. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Q6b: Please mark the approximate exit location/locations on the diagram using crosses? Ans:All correct locations75% Incorrect locations25% XX X X X X Examples of incorrect exit locations -->

12. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results 7a Are all of the exits indicated approximately the same size? Ans: Correct Different sizes 37% 172 participants WrongSame size 63% 287 participants

13. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Q 7bPlease indicate on the diagram which exits are large and which are small. Ans: Correct 22%99 participants Wrong78%360 participants Results clearly indicate poor configurational awareness of the aircraft. Potentially a contributory factor in poor exit selection decisions made by passengers in emergency situations. LL L L S S

14. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Frequent fliers believe they have good aircraft knowledge. Compare survey results for sub-populations based on flying experience. Sub-populations consist of people who have flown in Past 12 months Not in past 12 months Frequent fliers – flown past 12 months Infrequent fliers - flown past 12 months Frequent fliers defined as those participants who have flown 5 or more return trips in past 3 years.

15. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Aircraft Configurational knowledge Entire Sample (459) Sub populations Flown in past 12 months (367) NOT flown in past 12 months (92) Frequent flyers Flown in - past 12 months (194) Infrequent flyers Flown in - past 12 months (173) Correct number of exit pairs 78% (357)79% (289)74% (68)89% (172)72% (125) Correctly locate the three exit pairs 75% (344)76% (277)73% (67)82% (159)68% (118) Knew that exits were different sizes. 37% (172)40% (145)30% (27)45% (91)31% (54) Correctly identify number, location and size of exit. 22% (99)23% (84)16% (15)27% (53)18% (31)

16. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Just under a quarter 23% (84) of “people flown in the past 12 months” had a good understanding of aircraft layout –(number, location and relative sizes of exit pairs) Having flown recently does not imply a better understanding of the aircraft exit layout and configuration when compared with those not flown recently. Being a recent frequent flyer implies a significantly better understanding of the aircraft exit layout and configuration when compared with being a recent infrequent flyer. However, only 27% of recent frequent flyers knew the number, location and relative sizes of three exit pairs.

17. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Results of great concern as they suggest that a little more than 25% of most experienced frequent fliers understand the aircraft layout and configuration. This inherent lack of exit knowledge is likely to have a negative impact on overall evacuation efficiency and hence passenger safety. From a general view of passenger safety, must provide passengers with basic information concerning aircraft configuration –better briefing and better safety cards –Improving affordance of exits – e.g. through light halos –Introducing back of seat video information concerning aircraft layout and using inducements such as frequent flyer miles. From an evacuation modelling view, results suggest that the majority of passengers ( approx 75% ) have poor inherent exit knowledge. –Agent based decision models used to select which exit an agent may decide to use must reflect this lack of exit knowledge. –Factors such as opportunistically “seeing” an exit, following the crowd, following instructions or simply going to the nearest exit may be appropriate drivers for the majority of passengers/agents.

18. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Q8: Which exit would you choose in an emergency? Exit A Exit BDon ’ t Know 72%25%3% AB 10 m

19. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Q9: Which exit would you choose in an emergency? Exit A Exit BDon ’ t Know 68%23%9% AB

20. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Additional information concerning exit sizes provided to participant The questions concerning preferred exit usage where re- administered. Large Small

21. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Q13: Which exit would you choose in an emergency? Exit L Exit SDon ’ t Know 90%7%3% (+22%)(-16%)(-6%) Ls

22. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Q14 Participants were then asked to make an estimate concerning approx time required to pass through the small exit. A quarter of the entire population (26% or 119 participants) thought that the smaller exit would allow them to pass through in approximately the same amount of time or quicker than the larger exit. –This result appears to be independent of flyer experience. L = 1 sec S = ? sec Time % of participants Approx. same19% (87) A little more (up to twice as long) 62% (285) Much more (more than twice as long) 12% (55)

23. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Additional information concerning exit flow rates provided to participant The questions concerning preferred exit usage where re- administered. L = 1 sec S = 2 sec L = 1 sec

24. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Q16: Which exit would you choose in an emergency? Exit L Exit SDon ’ t Know 93%5%2% (+25%)(-18%)(-7%) Ls

25. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Aircraft Configurational knowledge Entire Sample (459) Sub populations Flown in past 12 months (367) NOT flown in past 12 months (92) Frequent flyers Flown in - past 12 months (194) Infrequent flyers Flown in - past 12 months (173) Exit A –Type I Queue 68% (310)69% (253)62% (57)73% (141)65% (`112) Large – Type I Queue 90% (415)91% (335)87% (80)92% (178)91% (157) Large – Type I - FAST 93% (427)93% (342)91% (84)96% (186)90% (156)

26. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Questions & Main Results Before providing information to participants, on average, 39% (361) of entire population (459) would choose to use the centrally located smaller over wing exit rather than the larger forward /rear exits even when faced with a queue. 39% Being a recent frequent flyer (most experienced flyer), does not statistically alter this decision. When provided with complete exit information, only 7% (32) of entire population (459) choose the smaller over wing exit. 7% ( - 32% difference) Given sufficient information, travelling public can make sensible exiting decisions

27. 6 th Aircraft fire and Cabin Safety Conference 25-28 Oct 2010 e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk http://fseg.gre.ac.uk Conclusions & Further Work Findings support hypothesis that poor understanding of cabin layout is a contributory factor to sub-optimal exit selection decisions made by passengers in emergency situations. –Results demonstrate that providing additional information concerning size and flow capabilities of exits greatly improves exit selection decisions - even for apparently knowledgeable participants. –Even providing information simply related to the relative size of the exits significantly improves exit selection capabilities. Observations support the view that improving the nature of the pre-flight briefing, the affordance of exits and the safety cards provided on aircraft can improve evacuation efficiency. For evacuation modelling perspective, these results suggest that as many as 39% of passengers will make sub-optimal exit selection decisions. –It is suggested that these poor exit decisions are due to poor understanding of the exit layout and performance capabilities. –These factors should be taken into consideration when developing agent decision models concerned with exit selection.