1. OCEN 201 Introduction to Ocean & Coastal Engineering Instruments & Measurements Jun Zhang Jun-zhang@tamu.edu

2. Measurements (Laboratory & Field) Laboratory Measurements: 1.Under well-controlled conditions or environments, they are easier to be conducted than the corresponding Field Measurements. 2.They are cheaper and more “accurate”. 3.In view of coastal and ocean engineering, the sizes of the models used in laboratory measurements are much smaller than those of their prototypes. Hence, essential similarity laws must be followed. 4. It is not likely to follow all essential similarity laws in model tests, certain assumptions must be made. Therefore, Laboratory Measurements cannot totally replace the related Field Measurements.

3. Field Measurements 1.They are difficult to be conducted because of harsh environments (e.g. rough seas and high wind speed in a hurricane). 2.They are usually very expensive and may not be accurate. 3.It is necessary to conduct Field Measurements in order to examine the validity of the assumptions (such as the neglect of certain similarity laws) made in the related Laboratory Measurements.

4. Similarity Laws (Chapter 9) 1.Geometric Similarity (model and prototype are geometrically similar); that is, the corresponding ratios of their dimensions are the same. 2. Kinematic Similarity 3.Dynamic Similarity. (matching non-dimensional coeff. between model & prototype) 4.Important non-dimensional coefficients - Reynolds # (viscous)** - Froude # (gravity)** - Euler # (pressure)* - Mach # (compressibility or elasticity) - Weber # (surface tension) Table 10-3 PP354 (old version pp267)

5. Measurements & Intstruments 1.Survey: water depth & beach contour (Lidar, sonar & traditional survey instruments) 2.Force or pressure (strain gage, load cell & pressure transducer) 3.Wave elevation (wave gage*, indirect measurements: pressure transducer, velocimetry, LDV, ADV & PIV) 4.Velocity (LDV, ADV & PIV, electro-magnetic meter) 5.Accelerations: Accelerometer

6. Measurements & Intstruments (continue) 5. Movement or deformation (optical tracking system, PIV) 6.Wind velocity 7.Temperature 8.Salinity 9.Density 10. Sea Gilder

7. Wave Gage (Capacity* & Resistance)

8. Directional Wave Gages

9. Principles of Strain Gages

10. Pressure Transducers

11. For the information about LDV & PIV and Their Applications see the supplement materials

12. Facilities for Ocean & Coastal Related Lab M. 1.Wave Basins (Deepwater & Shallow water Basin: OTRC wave Basin & Hayens Coastal Lab Basin) -Directional wave generation - Current generation (Nozzle type) - Wind generation 2. Wave Flume (1-D wave Basin, CLAB 109,) - Unidirectional wave generation - Current generation - Wind generation

13. Facilities for Ocean & Coastal Related Lab M. 3.Dredging loop (Hynes coastal lab) - Current generation - Towing Carriage

14. Description

15. Overview AUV / UUV Self-regulated buoyancy Propelled by battery power Propelled by ocean’s thermal energy New technology!

16. History Preliminary designs (1986) Test runs: Florida, New York (1991) Result: the “Slocum” glider Scripps / Woods Hole: “Spray” APL-UW: “Seaglider” Slocum “Thermal Glider” (2005)

17. Vehicle Control Driving force: lift provided by wings Pitch/roll: internal weight shift Onboard computers Surface GPS fixes Pressure sensors Tilt sensors Magnetic compasses

18. Slocum, Spray, and Seaglider

19. Webb Research “Slocum” Weight: 52 kg Diameter: 21.3 cm Length: 1.5 m Speed: 40 cm/s Depth: 4 – 200 m Endurance: 30 days Range: 1500 km Alkaline batteries

20. Webb Research “Slocum”

21. Webb’s “Thermal Glider” Weight: 60 kg Diameter: 21.3 cm Length: 1.5 m Speed: 40 cm/s Depth: 4 – 2000 m Endurance: 5 years! Range: 40000 km Environmental power

22. Webb’s “Thermal Glider”

23. Scripps/Woods Hole “Spray” Weight: 52 kg Diameter: 20 cm Length: 2 m Speed: 25 cm/s Depth: 1500 m Endurance: 815 cycles Range: 4700 km Lithium cells

24. Scripps/Woods Hole “Spray”

25. APL-UW “Seaglider” Weight: 52 kg Diameter: 30 cm Length: 1.8 m Speed: 25 cm/s Depth: 1000 m Endurance: 650 cycles Range: 4600 km Lithium cells

26. APL-UW “Seaglider”

27. Design

28. Early Field Trials Wakulla Springs, Florida Straight flight, dives, turns Navigation and data relays Telemetry recorded Maneuvering parameters Instabilities found

29. Test Dive Profile

30. Design Solutions Increase glide speed Decrease pitch/heading oscillations Increase stall resistance Revise autopilot algorithms Swept wings Antenna moved to nose

31. Test Results, Conclusions Glide slope ratio similar to Space Shuttle Energy expended at bottom of dive cycle Decrease dive cycles = less energy How do we decrease cycles? *Lower glide speeds* Longer endurance Greater range

32. Applications

33. Current Uses Slocum: shallow water, short range Spray/Seaglider: deeper, longer dives Take measurements -temperature -conductivity (salinity) -currents -chlorophyll fluorescence -optical backscatter

34. Current Uses Seaglider: -physical, chemical oceanography -tactical oceanography -underwater Reconnaissance -communications gateway -navigation aid

35. Dive Profile

37. Spray: La Jolla 2001 Underwater canyon, 3 km width 11 day mission Maintained synthetic mooring Plotted wave, current propagation

38. Monterey 2003 10 Slocums and 5 Sprays Sample 100 square-km area Use networking to forecast conditions Example of large-scale team usage

39. Monterey 2003

40. Spray: Gulf Stream 2004 New England to Bermuda First crossing of the Gulf Stream

41. Seaglider: TASWEX-04 Navy ASW exercise, East China Sea Battlespace assessment Tactical remote sensing Mission successful

42. Future Uses ONR: Liberdade XRay USN “PLUSNet” program Largest glider Hydrodynamic efficiency Acoustics, electric field sensors 1-3 kt cruise, 1200-1500 km range

43. Liberdade XRay

44. Economics