1. 20% of final GCSE grade Has to explore at least 2 Areas of study 25 hours to complete - Nov 16 th You will need to submit a score Guitarist can submit tablature but it has to be with rhythm. You will need to submit an annotation Describe in detail what your music is doing and what can be heard. Preferably, your account should be broken down into timings and linked to specific events in your music. You will need to give details of instruments, tempo, form etc. it’s important that anyone listening to your music can follow the sounds and easily link them to your stated intentions written. By using a composition diary through-out your composition process will help when it comes to the write up. How to start… Tick your AOS sheet as you go along! You were all handed a booklet and told to come up with 3 music ideas / riffs / beats / melodies. Without this I can do very little.

2. 1.MP3 of final recording 2.Screen shot of final dynamics 3.Annotation – Write up of techniques used and anything that cant be seen in the score 4.Signed CRF 5.Score / Final Cubase file as MIDI YOU WILL NEED…

3. Chord sequence or riff? You need to have a chord sequence or a riff / melody to start composing. It doesn’t have to be long or something you love! Chord sequence DON’T SPEND AGES ON LYRICS!! I’m sorry if you had your heart set on writing a massive emo poem to a secret loved one but lyrical content will score you 0 marks. If singing, there has to be lyrics however don’t spend 5 hours on them. Take inspiration from a poem of a book – much easier. Listen to the lyrics for ‘come together’ by Michael Jackson Riff or melody Tick your AOS sheets as you go along!!

4. Lesson 1: Chord sequence – Why start with a chord sequence? A A When the night, has come. F#m And the land is dark D E And the moon is the only A A Light we’ll see, so darling darling A Stand be me F#m F#m Ooooh Stand by me D Oh Stand E A Stand by me VERSECHORUS AB m C #m DEF #m G #dim A T one T one S emi T one T one T one T one S emi T one IiiiiiIVVviVIIVIII QUESTION: Which chords are used the most? Refer to numbers QUESTION: How many chords are used WHAT’S THE POINT? By using a scale you can’t go wrong 4 chord magic I V IV IV TASK: (On the next slide) and finalise & play your chord sequence

5. CHORUS … … … … VERSE Extension task … … … … A B C # D E F # G # A

6. CHORUS … … … … VERSE Extension task … … … …

7. http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks2/music/piano/index.htm How to play MINOR chords… 1.Put your right thumb on any note you desire. 2.Count up 3 notes and place your index finger there. 3.Count up 4 notes and place your ring finger there. How to play MAJOR chords… 1.Put your right thumb on any note you desire. 2.Count up 4 notes and place your index finger there. 3.Count up 3 notes and place your ring finger there. TASK: As a class work out any major & minor chord… HOW TO PLAY CHORDS In your books How to play DIMINISHED chords… 1.Put your right thumb on any note you desire. 2.Count up 3 notes and place your index finger there. 3.Count up 3 notes and place your ring finger there. How to play 7th chords… 1.Put your right thumb on any note you desire. 2.Count up 3 notes and place your index finger there. 3.Count up 4 notes and place your ring finger there. 4.Count up 3 notes and place your little finger there. 7

8. Diatonic use of C major scale C maj D min E min F maj G maj A min B dim C maj T one T one S emi T one T one T one T one S emi T one IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIII TonicSupertonicMediantSub-dominantDominantSub-mediantLeading toneOctave All guitar chords: http://www.8notes.com/guitar_chord_chart/ http://www.8notes.com/guitar_chord_chart/ All piano chords: http://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/G.asp http://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/G.asp C major piano scale C major guitar scale COMPOSITION HELP: 1

9. Diatonic use of A major scale A maj B min C #min D maj E maj F #min G #dim A maj T one T one S emi T one T one T one T one S emi T one IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIII TonicSupertonicMediantSub-dominantDominantSub-mediantLeading toneOctave All guitar chords: http://www.8notes.com/guitar_chord_chart/ http://www.8notes.com/guitar_chord_chart/ All piano chords: http://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/G.asp http://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/G.asp A major piano scale A major guitar scale COMPOSITION HELP: 2

10. Diatonic use of D minor scale D min E dim F maj G min A min B b maj C maj D min T one T one S emi T one T one T one T one S emi T one IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIII TonicSupertonicMediantSub-dominantDominantSub-mediantLeading toneOctave All guitar chords: http://www.8notes.com/guitar_chord_chart/ http://www.8notes.com/guitar_chord_chart/ All piano chords: http://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/G.asp http://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/G.asp D minor piano scale D minor guitar scale COMPOSITION HELP: 3

11. Diatonic use of A minor scale A min B dim C maj D min E min F maj G maj A min T one T one S emi T one T one T one T one S emi T one IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIII TonicSupertonicMediantSub-dominantDominantSub-mediantLeading toneOctave All guitar chords: http://www.8notes.com/guitar_chord_chart/ http://www.8notes.com/guitar_chord_chart/ All piano chords: http://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/G.asp http://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/G.asp A minor piano scale A minor guitar scale COMPOSITION HELP: 4

12. B Harmonic minor scale B min C #dim D aug E min F #maj G maj A #dim B min T one S emi T one T one T one S emi T one M inor 3 rd S emi T one IIIIIIIVVVIVIIVIII TonicSupertonicMediantSub-dominantDominantSub-mediantLeading toneOctave All guitar chords: http://www.8notes.com/guitar_chord_chart/ http://www.8notes.com/guitar_chord_chart/ All piano chords: http://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/G.asp http://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/G.asp B Harmonic minor scale B Harmonic minor guitar scale COMPOSITION HELP: 5

13. AB m C #m DEF #m G #dim A T one T one S emi T one T one T one T one S emi T one IiiiiiIVVviVIIVIII Bass lines TASK 1: Bass lines don’t just follow the chord sequence, but they can. Imagine stand by me with out the bass line (listen and demonstrate chord sequence). TASK 2: Now listen to bass line… The song would be nothing without. TASK 2: In the key of A what notes does it use and does it stray far from the chord?

14. Bass line TASK 2: Compose a bass line - You did this in year 9 so doing it in year 11 will be no problem. TASK 1: Listen and discuss what you can use from these examples. EXTENSION TASK: Bass line for your verse. (if you did one last week). Bass lines Types of bass line...

15. Drums KNOW: How to pitch a Bass line BE ABLE TO: Compose a Bass line for your groups song UNDESRATND: The role of a Bass Snare Drum Cymbal Tom-toms Bass Drum Hi Hat TASK 1: Know the drum Kit http://www.drumnuts.com/GAMES/Virtual-Drums-Buckle.php

16. 1&2&3&4&1&2&3&4& Count Drum LEVEL 4 1&2&3&4&1&2&3&4& Count Drum (With a drum fill – What is a drum fill?) LEVEL 5 PUPIL MODEL: How they can achieve Drums

17. 1&2&3&4&1&2&3&4& Count Drum (With a drum fill – What is a drum fill?) LEVEL 6 SYNCOPATION Syncopation is where the accent is shifted from the main beat to a weaker beat. It’s a rhythm where the beats have different spacing's between them. Try and come up with your own syncopated rhythm. Drums

18. Riff / Hook KNOW: What a Riff is BE ABLE TO: Compose a riff / hook for your groups song UNDESRATND: Composition from a scale STARTER: What do all 4 songs have in common RAGE – Killing on the name of What you know – Two door cinema club Tinne Tempah – Pass out Float on – Modest mouse

19. AB m C #m DEF #m G #dim A T one T one S emi T one T one T one T one S emi T one IiiiiiIVVviVIIVIII Riff / Hook C # E F # E C # C # C # E F # E C # B C # E F # E C # C # A G # G# A G # TASK 1: Look at the note used in the riff. Are they only notes from the A major scales? This song is in the key of A major / F# minor and uses those two chords A good riff will use long and short length notes as well as rests. If it’s catchy your mate will be able to sing it back to you. TOP TIPS

20. LESSON 5 http://youtube.googleapis.com/v/TroJUuyUP1Y STRINGS Pizzicato / PluckedBowed http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_v1TgVEX7Y PIANO Block chords & ArpeggioArpeggio GUITAR DRUMS Rim shot StrummedPickedMuted

21. If you’ve chosen AoS:1 your composition must have… Change of Time Signature Use a minimum of 2 of the following; 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 & 6/8. Maybe try a free meter or an irregular time signature like 7/8 for top marks Change of Tempo Use a minimum of 2 different tempos. Make them obvious! You could also speed up or slow down. Listen 2:18 onwards. Rallentando Use a mixture of note lengths / Durations =1/4= 1/2 =Whole= 1/8 =1/16 Triplets: Dotted rhythm: Syncopation: Polyrhythm: Augmentation: Diminution: Rubato & Hemiola: Swing time The accent is shifted from the main beat to a weaker beat. 2 or more rhythms being played at the same. A section repeated as a longer version, often with note values doubled. A section repeated as a shorter version, often with note values halved. Research these and if you can include them for A* marks..

22. Change of Tonality If you’ve chosen AoS:2 your composition must have… You must change tonality at least once through-out the piece. So use at least two of the following... Major, minor or modal Second last chordLast chord I V V Any bar I I Cadence Plagal Perfect Imperfect Interrupted = = = = I, II or IV V IV Use a variety of Cadences: Make them obvious!!!! Use a mixture of chords Major Chords. Minor chords. Diminished chords. 7th chords. Use a Pedal or a Drone or both! Pedal - http://www.youtube.com/v/Pgum6OT_VH8&ob=av2n http://www.youtube.com/v/Pgum6OT_VH8&ob=av2n Drone- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6a3NcwfOBzQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6a3NcwfOBzQ BEFORE COMPOSING CHOOSE A KEY! See earlier slides or next slide…

23. Create a Harmony Consonant - Nice. Dissonant - clashing. Diatonic – Uses only the notes of the key. Chromatic uses notes that don’t belong in the key. Create a Harmony Using a mixture of intervals Interval song : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nl2d4zS56cY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nl2d4zS56cY HARMONY: 2 or more notes played / sung at the same time Change key / Modulate: To dominant (V). To Subdominant (IV). To relative major. To relative minor. Up a tone. Change key / Modulate: Keep the same tonality just taking the whole thing up a tone or semi-tone. By doing this you’ve taking the piece to a new key. 2:20mins.

24. Passing note Make your bass lines or chords interesting by including a few. Multiple Textures: Homophonic: Use lots of different textures Polyphonic: Single line melody: Melody with accompaniment: Unison: Octaves: Use multiple melodic note patterns: When writing vocal lines or any melodic lines try to vary each one. Conjuct: Disjuct: Triadic: Scalic: The melody follows the chords http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophony http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophony 2 or more melodies played at the same time of equal importance. Melody with band providing accompaniment. All the instruments play notes at the same pitch – Vocals & instruments. All the instruments play the same note at different pitch Melody that moves mainly by step never more than a tone. Doesn’t jump around and sounds smooth. Melody that moves using lots of jumps. Larger than a tone. Melody that moves using notes of the triad Melody that moves up and down using only the notes of a scale. They only move to the next note up or down in the scale Use Articulation across your composition Short stabs. Much easier than writing in a rest mark. Tenuto accents mean the notes are to be played at full length or even slightly longer. This sign means the note should be played louder Riff Short, repeated melodic phrase. Definitely use!!! An unaccompanied melody.

25. Improvisation Creating new musical ideas on the spot, during a performance. Slide / Glissando Melodic device: literally sliding from one note to another. http://www.youtube.com/v/0N22_L7qAtwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlEo8WUClNk Trill Turn = Rapid movement back & forth between the note. http://upload.wikimedia.o rg/wikipedia/en/1/18/Trill _example_A-B-C.mid = A turn consists of the note above the one indicated, the note itself, the note below the one indicated, and the note itself again. Sequence A sequence is where a melodic phrase is immediately repeated at a different pitch, often step by step. If the sequence gets higher in pitch its called an ascending sequence. Alternatively, the pitch get lower, in which case it is a descending sequence. The pitch must remain within the scale otherwise that is simply known a key change. Pitch bend: Short slide up or down to another note (The wheel on end of the keyboard). Acciaccatura: A quick note that happens before the main one. Appoggiatura: A dissonant note that is approached by a leap, and then moves by step to resolve on to a harmony note.

26. Use a range of intervals Using a mixture of intervals Interval song : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nl2d4zS56cY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nl2d4zS56cY Use a variety of scales Use as many different scales as possible. Major: Tone > Tone > SemiTone > Tone > Tone > Tone > SemiTone Minor: Tone > SemiTone > Tone > Tone > SemiTone > Tone > Tone Chromatic: All semi tones only Modal: Different starting points of a major scale Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Locrian, Whole tone: All tones only Pentatonic: Blues: I II III V VI of any major scale I bIII IV bV V bVII of any major scale Repetition Melodies can be repeated.

27. Samples www.freesound.orgwww.freesound.org – List of sample you may want to include Reverb Multi-tracking Compression Vocoder Sequencer Sound lasts longer because it’s being reflected. ChorusDistortion Multiplying the instrument or vocal line. Makes the instrument or voice sound fuzzy. Boosts the quiet parts of a song so they match the loud parts. Thus creating one dynamic. A device / program used to record, edit and playback music / MIDI Panning Sound is electronically placed into one speaker / ear or moves from one ear to the other. (also based on percentages). Recording device where different tracks are recorded separately and then played back together. If you’ve chosen AoS:4 your composition must have… An electronic device for synthesising speech. It’s half human voice and instrumental pitch 2:20. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjPqsDU0j2I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjPqsDU0j2I

28. Timbre: Get it right Timbre is a difficult one to ensure, seeing as you have to have instruments for there to be music. It’s about making the instrument sound like it should. For example a violin shouldn’t sound like a bass and a bass guitar shouldn’t be sounding like a banjo. Also when choosing an instrument make sure you apply all of the particular playing techniques. Dynamics: Include a mixture – More than 2 BAD! – Don’t just draw lines for the sake of it! GOOD! – Carefully craft sections. Listen Regina Spektor’s ‘The Call’ has an excellent range of dynamics. Click on face to play.

29. Drum techniques Guitar techniques String techniques

30. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cw9yk7ZkuGc

31. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9iaSp77xB8

33. 1.Instrumental forms: Ground bass. Continuo. Cadenza. 2.Classical forms: Strophic. Through-Composed. 3.Pop song forms: Strophic. Middle 8. Verse chorus. 12 bar blues 4.Structures: Binary. Ternary. Call and Response. Rondo. Arch shape 5.Classical works: Concerto. Sonata. Symphony. Suite There aren’t as many opportunities with this AoS.

34. Now you know what needs to go into your composition it’s worth keeping a diary and logging what you’re including. Ensure you include what track your editing, and what time it happens. Example: 0:56 – I’ve added a ‘trill’ to the piano part. 1:26 – I’ve deleted my initial bass line. 1.67 – I’ve added a passing note between chord A and Bmin Keep a log / diary PAGE 166 of AQA GCSE MUSIC BOOK – Read it!

35. When to change in music? Question: What’s the time signature of this piece? Question: on average how many bars until the music changes? Question: Compare the 1 st and 2 nd chorus. Does this give you any ideas for your composition? Every chorus the same? Progression and chorus How to write a R n B ballad Everything you need to write a love song. Lots of little bits make up a song Lots of little parts make a massive song. Watch this video clip and see how lots of short loops can make a really big song.

36. How are these intro’s similar? A simple solution to sorting out your intro? How to start a song? Starting a song http://www.dsokids.com/listen/instrumentlist.aspx BRASS STRING WIND PERCUSSION Families FREESOUND.org = Free Samples

37. 1 st, 4 th and 5 th notes of the scale Primary chords: 2 nd, 3 rd and 6 th notes of the scale Secondary chords: In the key of C major TASK: What are the primary and secondary chords for G major and D major?