2. UNIT 1: AGRARIANISM TO INDUSTRIALISM PART 1 NOTES Chapters 13

3. Growth of the mining industry  Prior to the discovery of gold in the Dakota Territory, previous events in other western regions created similar industries.  The mining industry grew out of the discoveries in Colorado and Navada prior to the Dakota discovery.  After the Civil War, many Americans headed west to build cattle ranches on the Great Plains (a regions extending west to the Rocky mtns)  Many Americans thought the conditions were too harsh and challenging The Texas Longhorn (descended from Spanish cattle) adapted to the harsh conditions of the Great Plains Mexicans had begun cattle ranching in New Mexico, California, and Texas

4. Open Range  A vast area of grassland owned by the federal government allowed cattle ranching to grow  Provided areas for ranchers to graze their herds of cattle free of charge

5. A trail drive on the Matador Range of Texas, around 1910. Even long after the era of the great cattle drives, short drives like this one to the railhead at Lubbock, Texas, remained a part of cowboy life. Photographed by Irwin E. Smith.

6. Range Wars  sheepherders moved their sheep onto the open range and began to block the cattle trails they caused "range wars" among those groups  Barbed wire was used to fence off the open ranges, which led to the end of the long cattle drives  Reasons for decline: Range wars, investors, bad extended winters

7. F. Inventions used to move out West Barbed wire- In 1873, Joseph Glidden developed a way of making fencing cheaply by twisting together sections of wire into barbed points. With this invention, farmers could cheaply and efficiently fence in 160 acres of land. This caused a conflict between the ranchers, who grazed their cattle on the open range and managed long drive (transporting of cattle from ranges to the cow towns which had railroads.)

8. Ranching and cattle drives  The Chisholm Trail was a trail that cowboys used to move cattle to a railroad line for sale.  At first, ranchers saw barbed wire as a threat because it kept their herds from roaming freely.

9. The long drive  By the end of the Civil War railroads had reached the Great Plains  Cattle ranchers made a ten times the profit by driving their cattle north to the railroad so they could be shipped east  1866-rancher rounded up thousands of longhorns and cattle and drove them to Sedalia, Missouri  the Chisholm Trail became a major trail north

10. Ranching becomes big business  The Civil War and the building of railroads changed the demand for cattle  Large amounts of cattle were slaughtered to feed the armies  After the war beef prices soared making cattle driving the biggest business of the Mid-West

11. Geography of the Plains  In the 1890s, some farmers tried to survive by mortgaging their land.  Dry farming-the land was so bad that they had to dig deeper for moist land to grow crops  Sodbusters plowed the soil on the Great Plains Very dry, only 20 inches of rain per year  Stephen Long-1819, he led an expedition through the GP and declared it to be a desert and not fit for settlement

12. Cornelius Vanderbilt – owned the New York Central – became rich from railroad Inventions used to move out West Railroad – This early mechanization of agriculture gave farmers the ability to produce for themselves a surplus supplies of grain and animal products. The best way to move these products to the major cities was by railroad. More than any other development, the railroad revolutionized the development of farming and industrial regions west of the Mississippi.

13. The beginnings of settlement  The lifestyle of someone living in the Great Plains was very challenging and often difficult.  RAILROADS advertised the plains as the ticket to prosperity  Nebraskan claimed farming would increase rainfall there  1870s-rain fell increased above avg. and changed ideas of GP being a desert Homestead Act  a law that helped support the growth of the Great Plains People could register for $10 and own 160 acres of land and get the title to it after living there for five years

14. The Wheat Belt  Bonanzas-large profitable wheat farms 1860s-farmers used new machines to farm the Great Plains-steel plows, reapers, and threshing machines  New technology allowed wealthy land owners to grow large tracts of wheat, or bonanza farms and this area became known as the Wheat Belt  The wheat-growing region that started at the eastern edge of the Great Plains and moved further westward

15. Closing the Frontier  Buffalo Bill Cody:  Men like Buffalo Bill Cody were hired to kill buffalo  He was an experienced and smart hunter who knew how to evade (escape from) Native Americans  Some companies sold the hide and others wanted to free the plains of these animals for settlers

16. Native Americans  The native American population in America suffered a dramatic decline between 1850-1900 as a result of the dramatic decline in the buffalo population.  Most of the Native Am living in the GP were nomads Plains Indians were divided into bands of 500 people each  A council headed each band  Gender determined their tasks  Religion was based on the power of the natural world

17. Charles Rath, famous buffalo hunter, seated on rick of 40,000 hides in Robert Wright's Dodge City hide yard in 1878 Stacks of buffalo hides towered along Front Street. - filthy buffalo hunters and traders filled the town's establishments - and the term "stinker" was coined. Train-masters would take their red caboose lanterns along when visiting the town's "soiled doves" - and the term "red light district" came to life.

18. Cultures under pressure  Native Americans resented broken promises & treaties by the US government, they attacked ranches and wagon trains-led to war  Annuities-payment given to the NA once a year Traders usually tricked the NA out of their money

19. Who was the leader of the Sioux?  Chief Sitting Bull

20. 166. What event resulted in over 200 unarmed Sioux being massacred by US troops in 1890?  What? Massacre at Wounded Knee  Who? Sioux Indian leader, Sitting Bull and US Army  Details - Wovoka, a prophet of the Sioux, developed a religious ritual called the Ghost Dance. The Sioux believed this dance would bring back the buffalo and return the Native American tribes to their land. White settlers were afraid and called on the US Army. They thought Sitting Bull was leading an revolt and arrested him.  Why? The Ghost Dance alarmed white settlers around the Sioux reservations, and they called on the US Army for help.  Result - While the Indians were handing over their weapons in surrender, someone fired a shot. The soldiers then opened fire, killing more than 200 unarmed Sioux (including nearly 70 women and children )

21. Massacre at Wounded Knee Ghost Dance The Ghost dance replaced the Buffalo dance when the buffalo disappeared from the plains. It's practice swept across the west fanned by the desperation of a proud people destroyed by the humiliation of welfare. It culminated in the tragedy of Wounded Knee. In the belief that the dance would help to bring about the return of the buffalo, their ancestors and their way of life, they danced until they dropped unconscious to the ground. 200 unarmed Sioux killed Including nearly 70 women and children

22. Ranchers vs. Indians  Chief Little Crow led an uprising against Dakota traders over food Sioux chiefs Red Cloud, Crazy Horse, and Sitting Bull rebelled and decided to fight to keep their lands  1866-Red Cloud's forces defeated the US army in Montana (Fettermans Massacre)  1864-Colonel John Chivington was ordered to attack Chief Black Kettle and his tribe who came to meet the US to discuss a peace treaty. His troops killed hundreds of women, children but he was never charged

23. Indian Peace Commision  1867-two large reservations were created, one for the Sioux and the other for the Plains Indians  Indians refused to move to the reservations Those who did faced harsh conditions

24. The Dawes Act of 1887: Turning Tomahawks into Plowshares Above are before/after photographs of Tom Torlino, a Navajo who was "civilized" at an Indian Training School. Below is a map showing land held by Native American tribes before the Dawes Act and 100 years later.

25. The last Native American Wars  1870s-many NA had left the reservations  The could not hunt the buffalo and settlers had killed many of them  Professional hunters killed thousands of buffalo for their hides others just for sport  Railroad Co. hired hunters to kill buffalo blocking the tracks

26. George A. Custer  1876-gold miners raided reservations looking for gold mines  June 25, 1876-Custer attacked one of the largest groups of NA tribes (2,500) ever assembled with only 210 soldiers and they were all killed

27. Ghost Dance  Dancing welcomed the day the buffalo would return  US government banned ghost dancing  Wounded Knee Creek— 25 Soldiers and more than 200 NA killed

28. Assimilation  A Century of Dishonor (Helen Jackson)-describes the govt’s broken promises and attacks on NA  Some Americans believe NA situation would change if they could assimilate and become landowners  Allotments-NA reservations were broken up into separate pieces of land  Much of the land was not suitable for farming

29. Dawes Act  General Allotment Act  The US government attempted to settle Indians on plots of land to farm  Result:  Many Indians had no interest or experience in agriculture  Many simply sold their lands to speculators for outrageously low prices  Native Americans were plunged deeper into poverty

30. UNIT 1: AGRARIANISM TO INDUSTRIALISM PART 2 NOTES Chapter 14

31. The US Industrializes  By 1900s—US had become the world’s leading industrial nation  Gross National Product (GNP)—total value of goods a country produces—US’s was 8x greater by end of Civil War  Industry expansions:  Natural resources  Railroads  Petroleum  Population increase  Edwin Drake—drilled the 1 st oil well in Titusville, PA

32. Government's role in industrialization  “Laissez-faire”-Let the people do as they choose (business model). Supply and demand control the government to prices and wages  Morrill Tariff:  Increased tariffs (taxes on import goods) greatly  Provided railroad grants  Sold public lands with mineral resources for very cheap

33. New inventions  Northrop automatic loom-changes bobbins without stopping  Famous quote by Alexander Graham Bell: “Come here Watson, I want you.”  Developed the telephone  Thomas Edison-phonograph and the light bulb; first electric company in NYC  1877-Gustavius Swift—shipped the first refrigerated load of fresh meat

34. 176a. There was rapid electrical growth due to household appliances and inventions such as the light bulb, telephone, generator, transatlantic cable. Who invented them?  Light Bulb  Generator  Thomas A. Edison

35. 176b. There was rapid electrical growth due to household appliances and inventions such as the light bulb, telephone, generator, transatlantic cable. Who invented them? On March 10, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell sent the first telephone transmission. Alexander Graham Bell With Bell’s invention, the communication industry grew at a rapid pace. Soon, people could communicate across the nation and across the world.

36. 176c. There was rapid electrical growth due to household appliances and inventions such as the light bulb, telephone, generator, transatlantic cable. Who invented them? † Cyrus West Field – † Transatlantic cable -first telegraph cable beneath the Atlantic ocean in 1866. † It allowed the United States to communicate with Europe immediately through telegraph messages

37. Linking the nation  To make the rail service more reliable, in 1883 the American Railway Assoc. divided the country into four time zones.  Pacific Railway Act-law (signed by Lincoln) that built railroad across USA by Union & Central Pacific Railroad Companies  Grenville Dodge:  former Union general who oversaw the project  Employed 10,000 workers (immigrants, farmers, miners, farmers, and ex-convicts)  Leland Stanford:  Sold stock in Central pacific Railroad Co.  Made a hug fortune  Founded Stanford University  Cornelius Vanderbilt-began the first direct rail service from NY to Chicago

38. Robber Barons  Jay Gould-practiced insider trading, cheated investors, bribed govt. officials, cheated on contracts  Credit Mobilier—a construction company that greatly overcharged the Union Pacific for the work it did; led to UP bankruptcy  James J. Hill—  entrepreneur  one of the good guys  built the Great Northern Railroad—became the most successful railroad  without fed grants  promised settlers low fares  product were made in USA and shipped to China

39. 177a. What were the captains of industry referred to during the late 1800’s?  Robber barons  Many of them acquired their wealth by exploitation and ruthlessness.  John D. Rockefeller  Andrew Carnegie  Cornelius Vanderbuilt

40. The rise of big business  Economies of scale resulted in lower costs and lower prices  Corporations can achieve economies of scale by investing in more machines and larger manufacturing facilities  Edwin Drake-drilled the first oil well  Andrew Carnegie-Founded a steel in Pittsburgh  “The basic force shaping capitalism is the class struggle between workers and owners.”-Karl Marx

41. 176e. There was rapid electrical growth due to household appliances and inventions such as the light bulb, telephone, generator, transatlantic cable. Who invented them? The Bessemer Process – Sir Henry Bessemer – developed a faster and more efficient way of making steel. This process involved blowing air through molten iron to burn away impurities. Increased production of steel meant railroads could be expanded faster. Steel also made it possible to build skyscrapers in the cities. Bessemer, Alabama, an important steel center, is named after Sir Henry Bessemer.

42. The rise of big business  Corporation-made big business possible  Stockholders-people who owned the corporation Stock-shares of ownership from stockholders  Economies of scale-made goods cheaper because they could make many good quicker  How businesses run:  Fixed costs-costs a company pays whether it operates or not— taxes  Operating costs-costs that occur when company runs—wages & buying supplies

43. The consolidation of industry  Holding company-owns stock of companies that produce goods  Andrew Carnegie-a poor immigrant who rose to become a leader in business (steel industry)  Bessemer process—a new way of making steel cheaply (Henry Bessemer)

44. Making business bigger:  Vertical integration- owning all the businesses that you need to produce a product  Horizontal integration- combining companies from the same business and making one Goal: corporation to control the market  Trust-Standard Oil Company  Monopoly-own the market

45. 179. What man was associated with Standard Oil Company?  John D. Rockefeller  Owner of Standard Oil Company  Monopoly in the oil industry by ensuring that his company was the only supplier of oil from the drilling to the refining.

46. 180. Who was the immigrant from Scotland responsible for the steel industry boom? He was a “philanthropist”.  Andrew Carnegie  Owned steel company that controlled the iron and coal mines and owned railroads and steam ships.  His company controlled the production of steel and forced out competition.  Gospel of Wealth – Andrew Carnegie believed people with wealth had a responsibility to use it for the betterment of the poor.  By the time Carnegie died in 1919, he had given away some $350 million.

47. Selling the product  Aaron Montgomery Ward owned one of the first successful mail-order businesses.  Operating costs-wages, shipping charges, and supplies

48. Working in the US  Because of the shortage of workers in California, the Central Pacific Railroad hired workers from China  Early working conditions:  Monotonous & repetitive (same thing all day)  Unhealthy & unsafe  Industrialism brought higher standards of living  Deflation-hurt the working man’s wages

49. 185b. What types of labor problems existed that early unions tried to correct? 1. Child labor - paid a fraction of an adult’s wage and developed illnesses and deformations in their bodies as a result of overwork. 2. Female labor - clerical, teaching and nursing. Paid at a much lower rate than men. 3. Unsafe working conditions - Employees worked in unhealthy conditions 4. Low wages 5. Long hours

50. Early unions  Two kinds of workers:  Craft workers-special skills/training, made more $; formed unions  Common laborers—had few skills  Unions:  Blacklisted—a list of “troublemakers”; once on the list, made it impossible to work

51. The struggle to organize  Marxism:  Ideas of Karl Marx  Idea-workers would eventually revolt and needed to overthrow factories and the govt.  Anarchism:  Government was not necessary  A few violent acts were necessary to get rid of govts.

52. Union Groups  Knights of Labor-  one of the first nationwide industrial unions  Fought for equal pay for women, end child labor, worker-owned factories, supported arbitration  Haymarket Square (Chicago) incident hurt membership  American Federation of Labor (AFL)-  Lead by Sam Gompers,  Fought for higher wages, better work conditions, preferred negotiations over strikes, recognition of unions

53.  The most famous union during the Industrial Age was the American Federation of Labor (AFL).  It lobbied Congress to pass laws concerning … 40 hour work week Minimum age requirement for working Workplace safety standards 185c. What types of labor problems existed that early unions tried to correct?

54. Working women  Servants-30%  Teachers, nurses, or secretaries-30%  Clothing/food industry-about 40%  Paid less than men, not included in unions  1903-two women founded the Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL)

55. UNIT 1: AGRARIANISM TO INDUSTRIALISM PART 3 NOTES Chapter 15