1. Computer Programming
Chapter 1 – lesson 2

2. PRIVACY We currently live in the Information Age
A lot of data can be stored and processed quickly thanks to computers
The people of the Information Age have a social and ethical responsibility
Due to the large amounts of personal information stored on computers, invasion of privacy has become a very serious problem

3. PRIVACY - continued
A lot of information is accessed when a company looks up your credit rating
Your credit rating determines whether or not you qualify for loans
Sometimes, information may not be accurate, due to a company making a mistake or if someone has a name similar to yours
For this reason, several laws have been passed to protect you: (laws on next slide)

4. Laws to Protect You
The Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1979 is one of the laws that guards against inaccurate credit ratings. A person has a right to see information obtained by credit, insurance, and employment agencies. If an individual is turned down for credit they must be allowed to view the files used to make the decision. Only those with a court order or written permission of the person whose information is involved are allowed to view the information.

5. The Privacy Act of 1974
This act places limits on use of personal data by federal agencies.
Individuals are allowed to view information stored about themselves and are allowed to make changes to incorrect information.
Confidentiality and security must be maintained for any sensitive information

6. The Financial Privacy Act of 1978
This act states that government authorities can only access personal financial records with a subpoena, summons, or search warrant.
If records are released to such authorities, the financial institution must inform the person who has access to their records

7. Intranet, Extranet, Internet
Intranet is a network that is used by a single organization, such as a corporation or school, and is only accessibly by authorized users
The purpose of an intranet is to share information
A firewall is also used to lock out unauthorized users
A firewall is a network security system that prevents unauthorized network access

8. Extranet
Extends an intranet by providing various levels of accessibility to authorized members of the public
Example: a corporation may extend their intranet to provide access to specific information, such as their ordering system, to registered customers

9. Internet The largest and most widely accessed network
A world-wide network of computers that is not controlled by any one organization
Has an undeniable impact on modern society because it allows users worldwide to communicate in a matter of seconds
The Internet is actually numerous networks all linked together through routers
A router is a device that connects different network technologies
Networks connected to routers use TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) software to communicate

10. Servers or Clients Computers on the Internet are either:
The client is sent information from a server
The client/server structure of the Internet is called interactive because the information accessed is a result of selections made by the user – Example: a computer with just minimal software for accessing the Internet is a client. The client user selecting options from the Internet is receiving the information from a server, a computer with additional software and files that is also connected to the Internet

11. Telecommunications The transmitting and receiving of data
Data can be in various forms including voice and video
Requires a modem or adapter and a line or cable
The speed of data transmission (sending) and receipt(receiving) is measured in Kbps (thousnads of bits per second) or Mbps (millions of bits per second)

12. Telecommunications - continued
Numerous telecommunications options are available, which vary in speed and cost:
Conventional modem uses standard telephone lines to convert analog signals to digital data
Conventional modem is a 56 Kbps modem, which transmits data at 28.8 Kbps and 36.6 Kbps, and receives data at 56 Kbps
Today, most home and business users select options other than conventional modems if they are available in their area, due to the slow access time associated with conventional modems

13. Telecommunications - continued
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) modem uses standard telephone lines with data transmission up to 640 Kbps
Data receipt is from 1.5 Mbps to 9 Mbps
A DSL (Asymmetric DSL) is the most common form used
Cable Modem transmits data through a coaxial cable television network
Data transmission is from 2 Mbps to 10 Mbps and data receipt is from 10 Mbps to 36 Mbps

14. The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
This act makes it a crime to access electronic data without authorization.
It also prohibits unauthorized release of such data

15. The Electronic Freedom of Information Act of 1996 (E-FOIA)
This act requires federal government agencies to make certain agency information available for public inspection and is designed to improve public access to agency records by making more information available online

16. The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998
This act requires commercial websites that collect personal information from children under the age of 13 to obtain parental consent

17. The Safety and Freedom through Encryption Act of 1999 (SAFE)
This act gives Americans the freedom to use any type of encryption to protect their confidential information

18. Telecommunications - continued
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a digital telephone network provided by a local phone company
ISDN is capable of transmitting and receiving data at up to 64 Kbps
ISDN requires the use of an ISDN terminal and adapter instead of a modem

19. Telecommunications - continued
Leased/Dedicated lines are used by many businesses and schools for Internet access
They allow for a permanent connection to the Internet that is always active
The cost of a leased line is usually a fixed monthly fee
A T-1 carrier is a type of leased line that transmits data at Mbps
T-1 carrier
A dedicated phone connection supporting data rates of 1.544Mbits per second. A T-1 line actually consists of 24 individual channels, each of which supports 64Kbits per second. Each 64Kbit/second channel can be configured to carry voice or data traffic. Most telephone companies allow you to buy just some of these individual channels, known as fractional T-1 access.
T-1 lines are a popular leased line option for businesses connecting to the Internet and for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting to the Internet backbone. The Internet backbone itself consists of faster T-3 connections.
T-1 lines are sometimes referred to as DS1 lines.

20. Internet Services
Internet Services include the World Wide Web, e- mail, and mailing lists
The WWW also called the Web is the most widely used Internet service
The Web can be used to search and access information available on the Internet
A web browser application, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer, provides a graphical interface to present information in the form of a website

21. Another widely used Internet service is or electronic mail, which is the sending and receiving of messages and computer files over a communications network, such as a LAN (Local Area network) or the Internet
can be received in a matter of seconds, even if the recipient is located half way around the world

22. Chapter 1 E-mail Address
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Chapter 1 Address
An address is required in order to send and receive messages
addresses are provided when you sign up with an ISP or an online service. A typical address is similar to:
Refer to page 13 in the text.
An address is required in order to send and receive messages. addresses are provided when you sign up with an ISP or an online service.
© 2010 Lawrenceville Press

23. Mailing List server
A server that manages mailing lists for groups of users
Two mailing list servers are Listserv and Majordomo
Often used for discussion purposes
When a subscriber posts a message to a mailing list server, every subscriber receives a copy of the message
Subscribers are identified by a single name or e- mail address

24. Finding Information on the Web and downloading Files
A search engine like Yahoo, Google, or MSN is a program that searches a database of web pages for keywords and then lists hyperlinks to pages that contain those keywords
A search engine usually works by sending out an agent, such as a spider
a spider is an application that gathers a list of available web page documents and stores this list in a database that users can search by keyword

25. Most searches yield far too many matches to be useful
Limiting the number of matches to a reasonable number can usually be accomplished by using Boolean login in the search criteria:
Boolean logic uses three logical operators:
AND locates pages that include both words
OR locates pages that include one word or the other or both
NOT locates pages that include the first word, but not the second word
A Boolean expression always evaluates to TRUE or FALSE with pages that match the search condition evaluating to TRUE

26. General citation for material located at a website:
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Chapter 1 MLA Citations
General citation for material located at a website:
Author’s Last Name, First Name MI. Site Title. Access date. Organization name. <URL>.
Example citation of a personal website:
Rawlings, Julie. Home page. 23 Dec <http: //
continued next slide
Refer to page 15 in the text.
A widely accepted form for citation is published by the Modern Language Association (MLA) in its publication MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Fourth Edition.
© 2010 Lawrenceville Press

27. Chapter 1 MLA Citations, continued
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Chapter 1 MLA Citations, continued
Example citation of an article in an online magazine:
Schiffman, Paula. "Making Vinegar at Home." Vinegar Monthly. 4 May < lpdatafiles.com/ vinegarassoc/journal.asp>.
Example citation of a posting to a discussion list:
Cruz, Anthony. "Are Orchestras Going Downhill?" online posting. 10 Oct Tuscon Annual Ballet Conf. < tuscontoes/downhill.txt>.
Refer to page 15 in the text.
Additional MLA citation examples are shown here.
© 2010 Lawrenceville Press

28. Computer Ethics
With so much information that is electronically available people often steal works without thinking about it
This is copyright infringement which is illegally using or copying any type of data or work
Copyright protects media such as text, pictures, music, video, etc

29. Piracy Software is copied so easily that it presents a special problem
If software is copied without paying for it, the author of that software is losing money
When people illegally copy software, it is called PIRACY

30. Protecting Computer Software and Data
Programs written to cause harm are another issue we must consider in software ethics
Virus – harmful software which can copy itself without the user knowing
TYPES OF VIRUSES:
Trojan horse: looks like a useful program that actually damages files on your computer as it runs
Worm: can copy itself over a network. A worm spreads quickly and can cause an entire network to shutdown

31. Other protection concerns
Crackers/hackers: Someone who gains access to large computer systems with the sole purpose of performing acts of vandalism
This act is illegal and can cause expensive damage
The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of specifically makes it a federal offense to access electronic data without authorization
Networks usually 9include a firewall, which is a combination of hardware and software that helps prevent unauthorized access

32. Other protection concerns
Phishing
The act of sending an to a user falsely claiming to be a legitimate business in an attempt to trick the user into revealing personal information that could be used for crimes such as identity theft

33. The Ethical Responsibilities of an IT Professional
IT (information technology) professionals have responsibilities that relate to system reliability
Ensure all networks and systems are reliable, which means:
Updating antivirus software
Writing programs which are reliable
Keeping hardware up to date
Maintaining databases
Consider the impact on users
We must keep in mind that computers will only do what they have been programmed to do

34. How To Protect Our Computers
Antivirus software: software that removes the malicious code before it causes harm
Antivirus software should be updated regularly
Do not open attachments without scanning for malicious coed
One estimate states that 80% of virus infection is through