1. A Case for Shore Based Digital Radio as Basis for e-Navigation
Who am I and what is MARINTEK?
A study on future e-Navigation services and their capacity demands
A study on today’s and future shore based digital radio systems
Conclusions

2. Beate Kvamstad
Research Scientist at MARINTEK (Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute), e-Maritime department since February 2008
Master of Science degree from Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in December 2000
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications
Thesis: Implementation of EGNOS Algorithms and Testing in the North Sea
Kongsberg Seatex from 2001 to 2008

3. Marine Technology Centre, Trondheim
MARINTEK
Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute
Main office in Trondheim
Offices in Oslo and Bergen
Subsidiary in Houston; MARINTEK (USA), Inc.
Subsidiary in Rio de Janeiro; MARINTEK do Brasil, Ltda.
Trondheim
Marine Technology Centre, Trondheim
Oslo
Bergen
Rio de Janeiro
MARINTEK do Brasil, Ltda.
Houston
MARINTEK (USA), Inc.

4. Market Profile
MARINTEK carries out contract R&D for marine related industries:
Offshore oil/gas industry
Ship building industry
Shipping
Marine equipment industry
MARINTEK is heading for technologically challenging R&D projects:
- New advanced product concepts and prototypes
- New advanced services
for the benefit of our customers, and the society through:
- Reduced risks for human lives, environment and capital assets.
MARINTEK undertakes multidisciplinary projects and co-operates with associated partners within the SINTEF Group.

5. Total Share Capital: 11.6 MNOK
Ownership
MARINTEK has the following shareholders:
Total Share Capital: MNOK
Det Norske Veritas …...………..….….:
1.0 MNOK 9%
Found. of Shipbuilders’ Fund for Research and Education ..……….:
0.5 MNOK 4%
Directorate of Shipping ………………:
Fed. of Norwegian Coastal Shipping :
0.1 MNOK 1%
SINTEF ……………..………………..….:
6.5 MNOK 56%
Norwegian Shipowners’ Association :
3.0 MNOK 26%

6. A study on future e-Navigation services and their capacity demands
Motivation:
To find appropriate and good solutions for e-Navigation data carriers is not trivial. Someone needed to start the discussions and investigations concerning this issue.
Objectives:
To analyse the emerging communication requirements and how these can be translated to higher digital communication bandwidth demands.

7. Study methodology
Group today's existing maritime services classes of communication services
Analyse each class to determine current bandwidth requirements
Perform a literature study to identify and quantify (with respect to possible bandwidth demands) possible future services
Complement the results from the literature study with other likely services based on the authors’ knowledge of maritime operations
Put the new identified services into the same classes as today’s services and determine new communication requirements

8. Results 1: Today’s services
1. Emergency management
Communication related to accidents at sea, either for assistance to other ships or to get aid to oneself
5. Operational communication
Daily noon reports, machinery reports, arrival and departure reports exchanged with owner and owner’s office.
2. Position & safety reporting
AIS and LRIT ship position reports, GMDSS emergency alarms as well as ship security alarm systems. AMVER reports can also be included here.
6. Cargo & passenger communication
In passenger ships, one will see that the passengers in many cases pay for advanced communication facilities through their private use. This may also be the case for certain cargos, where cargo owner will pay for cargo supervision.
3. Additional navigational information
Information to the ship about local navigational issues. Can include differential GPS correction, NAVTEX and some AIS messages.
7. Crew infotainment
Crew’s private communication
4. Mandatory ship reporting
Reporting to VTS and other ship reporting areas as well as mandatory reporting to port state authorities in conjunction with port calls.

9. Result 2: Possible future e-Navigation services
1. Emergency management
Communication to other ships, communication to SAR, communication to owner’s office.
What about the remaining groups?
Position & safety reporting
Cargo & passenger reporting
Crew infotainment
2. Additional navigational information
VTS coordination, Maritime Information Objects (MIO), PPU-VTS images, real-time met-ocean data, tug/mooring coordination, load/discharge coordination, port ENC updates.
3. Mandatory ship reporting
Ship reporting, coast state notification, port arrival notification.
4. Operational communication
Voyage orders and reports, commercial port services, navigational data update (ENC), operational reports, operating manuals, documents, external maintenance and service, weather forecast, telemedicine.

10. Result 3: Bandwidth requirements
Integrity
Capacity requirements (bps)
Special purpose
applications
10 kbps
1 Mbps
100 Mbps
Low
Medium
High
Emergency
messaging
(SAR)
Reporting
(Operational and
navigational)
Technical
maintenance
(Mandatory)
Infotainment
(crew & passenger
communication)
Video monitoring
Training &
qualification
e-Navigation

11. Emergency
management
Dedicated narrow band
Position and
safety reporting
AIS based
Additional
navigational
information
Mandatory ship
reporting
General digital radio
Nautical
Operational
communication
Crew
Crew
infotainment
Other
Cargo and
passengers

12. Shore versus satellite based systems
Inmarsat Fleet Broadband, Iridium OpenPort, Iridium NEXT (estimated available in 2016)
Maritime community depends on SatCom outside reach of shore based systems
Expensive infrastructure development, expensive to operate and expensive to use
Coast state control over transmitting equipment
Mandatory services under IMO regulation (SOLAS) has traditionally been free for users (the ships)
GSM/GPRS/EDGE, 3G/UMTS/Turbo-3G ( LTE), WiFi/WLAN, WiMAX, CDMA 450, Digital VHF (D-VHF: VHF Data, VDL…), AIS
Infrastructure costs will be significantly less than for satellite systems
Availability for general digital ship/shore communication
Heterogeneous approach to e-Navigation (if standardised)

13. Shore Based Digital Radio
Extending coverage and range at sea for both in-use and novel terrestrial wireless systems/technologies, e.g.:
Cellular:
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
3G/UMTS/Turbo-3G ( LTE)
Wireless broadband (WBB):
WiFi/WLAN
WiMAX
CDMA 450 (ref. Ice)
Wireless narrowband (WNB):
Digital VHF (D-VHF: VHF Data, VDL…)
AIS
Reclaimed VHF/UHF TV-bands (?)
e-Navigation:
Extended coverage and range and a bandwidth capacity of at least 200 kbps

14. Wireless Narrowband (WNB)
Standard
Maximum throughput[1]
Range
Notes
Downlink
Uplink
Digital VHF (D-VHF) VHF Data
21 kbps/ 133 kbps
130 km
As the 1st generation of digital VHF systems Telenor Maritime Radio (TMR) has devised a technology called “VHF Data”, exhibiting the following throughput characteristics:
Narrowband radio: 21 kbps (1 x 25 kHz channel)[2]
Broadband radio: 133 kbps (9 x 25 kHz channels = 225 kHz)[2]
The 2nd generation under planning will allegedly provide a spectral efficiency of 3 (bit/s)/Hz, an is thus expected to increase the capacity by a factor of 3 – 10, depending on the modulation and access methods applied.
AIS
2 x 9.6 kbps
 75 km
(land-based)
ITU has assigned two VHF frequencies worldwide for AIS purposes on a primary, non-exclusive basis, each providing 9.6 kbps data rate.
With the present land-based AIS system the range is limited to around 40 nm ( 75 km), and several projects regarding Space-based AIS have thus been established lately to extend that range – a.o. in Norway.
LRIT
~ 36 b/s
Satellite-based
Data derived through LRIT will be available only to those entitled to receive such information, and safeguards concerning the confidentiality of those data have been built into the regulatory provisions. The LRIT communication message will allegedly comprise a payload of 64 bits from the vessel’s terminal and 200 bits (133 characters) to it, transmitted at a user data (burst) rate of ~ 36 b/s every 6 hours at security level 1, and up to every 15 minutes at security level 2 or 3.
[1] Throughput is the data rate of the standard - the theoretical maximum throughput available to a single connection under ideal conditions
[2] Note: Low spectral efficiency: 0.84 (bit/s)/Hz for Narrowband and 0.6 (bit/s)/Hz for Broadband

15. Dedicated narrow band systems: Digital VHF
Range: 70 nm ( 130 km) from closest base station
Power: 25 W
Interfaces: Ethernet, RS232
Data rate:
Narrowband radio: 21 kbps (1 x 25 kHz channel)
Broadband radio: 133 kbps (9 x 25 kHz channels = 225 kHz)
Low spectral efficiency !
Narrowband radio: bps/Hz
Broadband radio: bps/Hz (?)

16. Highly relevant as a potential data carrier for e-Navigation
Norwegian Coastal VHF
Highly relevant as a potential
data carrier for e-Navigation
VHF Data (Yellow coverage)
Analog VHF (Magenta coverage)

17. Dedicated narrow band systems: AIS
Range: 40 nm ( 75 km) from closest base station
Power: 25 W
Interfaces: Ethernet, RS232
Data rate: (uplink/downlink)
AIS data is carried by two globally dedicated VHF frequencies ( and MHz), with channel spacing of 25 kHz or 12kHz, and 9.6 kbps transmission rate on each frequency
Not really relevant as a potential
data carrier for e-Navigation
Too low capacity today for congested areas !
Dedicated to AIS messages

18. General digital radio: WiMAX
Standard
Maximum throughput[1]
Range
Notes
Downlink
Uplink
WiFi/WLAN
IEEE802.11a
IEEE802.11b
IEEE802.11g
IEEE802.11n
54 Mbps
11 Mbps 54 Mbps
200 Mbps
11 Mbps
~30 m
~50 m
Typical download [2]: - 2 Mbps
- 10 Mbps
- 40 Mbps
WiMAX (IEEE802.16e)
70 Mbps
~ 7.5 km
Quoted speeds only achievable at short ranges, more practically: 10 Mbps at 10 km [2]. Sub-GHz WiMAX is expected to increase range by a factor of 5-10 ; 50 km has already been demonstrated
CDMA 450 (NMT-Ice.net)
3.1 Mbps
1.8 Mbps
~ 60 km
Typical [2] :
Downlink: 300 kbps – 2 Mbps
Uplink: 200 – 500 kbps
Low range
Highly relevant as a potential
data carrier for e-Navigation
Not very relevant for
e-Navigation services

19. Conclusions
A shore based digital communication network will be a good alternative for e-Navigation
e-Navigation can probably be satisfied by a total bandwidth of about 200 kbps per radio cell
The most interesting solution probably is Digital VHF, WiMAX or a WiMAX type of communication solutions in the UHF or VHF bands.
The MarCom and MarSafe projects are currently identifying methods for extending the coverage and range at sea for both in-use and novel terrestrial wireless systems/technologies

20. References
Rødseth, Ø.J., Kvamstad, B., Digital Communication Bandwidth Requirements for Future e-Navigation Services, to be published
Bekkadal, F., D4.1 – Maritime Communication Technology, MarCom project internal report

21. Thank you for your attention!
Beate Kvamstad