1. © 2006 AudioCodes Ltd. All rights reserved. AudioCodes Confidential Proprietary Signal Processing Technologies in Voice over IP Eli Shoval Audiocodes

2. Scope The purpose of this presentation is to provide an overview of speech processing technologies that are used in Audiocodes VoIP products

3. Outline Signal processing technologies in VoIP –Line Echo Cancellation –Acoustic Echo Cancellation –Speech Compression –Wideband Speech Compression –Background Noise Reduction –Voice Quality Monitoring

4. Main challenges in VoIP system design Bandwidth Efficiency –Need a vocoder with the lowest possible bit rate with voice quality suitable for the application –Different vocoders will suite different networks (LAN, WAN, Wireless) IP Network Inherent problems –Jitter –Delay –Packet Loss Voice Quality issues and enhancements –Echo –Background Noise –Gain adjustment

5. Main challenges in VoIP system design Cont’d Handling of Non Speech Signals - –Fax –Data Modems –Caller ID –DTMF Interoperability – VoIP equipment must be able to communicate smoothly with equipment of other vendors Implementation efficiency

6. Basic DSP processing in VoIP

7. Line/Electrical Echo phenomena Line echo exists in both networks due to leakage in 2/4 wire hybrid transformers In PSTN network: the echo exist but is not perceptible (it is masked) In IP network: echo is perceptible due to the added IP delay

8. TDM Networks vs. IP Networks Regular TDM network IP network – the IP delay is added to the PSTN side delay

9. Basic structure of Echo Canceler

10. Example of sparse FIR with 3 active windows to handle 3 hybrids

11. G.168 Test 2B - convergence

12. Challenges in Echo Cancellation Double talk can cause the adaptive filter to diverge – adaptation in AC49x/AC50x EC is robust to double talk Non linearity in the echo path can not be modeled by the linear FIR – AC49x/AC50x EC has a proprietary NLP to reduce the residual echo NLP attenuation can cause modulation of background noise level – AC49x/AC50x EC support the injection of comfort noise in order to overcome this issue Echo path can change during the call – AC49x/AC50x EC adaptation is fast after such changes are detected

13. Acoustic Echo Cancellation A similar problem to line echo cancellation with some additional complications: –Longer echo paths, less sparse compared to line echo path –Worse ERL, can also be negative, howling must be handled –Worse SNR due to the hands free interface –Rapid echo path changes –Higher nonlinearity in the echo path due to loudspeaker characteristics –Need both in 8KHz and 16KHz sampling rates The AC494/AC495 has a an acoustic EC that can handle hands free communication in IP phones.

14. Speech Compression Interoperability is a key issue in VoIP communication systems, therefore Vocoders are usually standardized Audiocodes products support a wide range of vocoders Support transcoding between different vocoders

15. Narrowband Vocoders G.711 – The most basic vocoder, 64 kbps G.726 – ADPCM 32 kbps G.729A – The most popular LBR, 8 kbps G.723.1 – Developped by Audiocodes, 6.3 kbps, Same quality less bitrate than G729 iLBC – very robust to packet loss, royalties free, 13 kbps AMR – used in UMTS, 4.75-12.2 kbps EVRC – used in CDMA, 8.55 kbps

16. Next generation speech compression - Wideband Vocoders Bandwidth: 50H – 7Khz, 16 bit, 16Khz sampling rate (vs. 300H to 3.4Khz, PCM, 8 Khz rate in NB speech) Substantially higher MOS quality Superior clarity Better Intelligibility (esp. in noise) Richer sound Similar bit rates (& cost) as NB Better speaker recognition (important in conferencing) Better quality with music signals

17. Comparison of NB and WB codecs Source: ITU G.7291 performance tests

18. Comparison of NB and WB codecs Humans perceives a wideband speech signal as a much higher in quality than narrow band, the difference is big - more than 1 in Wide Band MOS score (4.5 compared to 3.5) The MOS difference is even more dramatic when comparing current narrowband codec like G.729 @ 8 kbps to a modern wide band codec like g.729.1 @ 32 kbps

19. Wide Band Vocoders in AC49x/AC50xx G.722 Sub Band Coding ADPCM @ 48,56,64 kbps – used in some high end conferencing systems G.722.2 AMR-WB – ACELP @ 12-32 kbps used in UMTS networks G.729.1 – CELP @ 8-32 kbps used for VoIP G.711-WB @ 96 kbps used for VoIP (*) RTA – Microsoft proprietary Vocoder (*) Speex – Royalties free vocoder for internet applications SILK – Skype proprietary vocoder (*) (*) – roadmap

20. Background Noise Reduction A new feature planned for AC494 6.6 release Used for improved Hands free communication in IP phones Optimal Filtering is done in each frequency to suppress the background noise with minimal effect on speech

21. Noise Reduction Block Diagram

22. Noise Reduction Demo Male with Car Noise, SNR=12dB –Noisy –NR Male with Car Noise, SNR=6dB –Noisy –NR Female with Office Noise, SNR=18dB –Noisy –NR

23. Voice Quality Monitoring Telchemy VQ Mon Algorithm – estimate MOS from packet arrival statistics RTCP-XR – a standard packet format that carry the Quality parameters MOS-CQ – Conversational MOS, takes into account also Echo and Delay influence on the quality

24. Voice Quality Monitoring

25. Telchemy VQmon accuracy vs. MOS

26. Summary We described some of the challenges in implementing speech processing algorithms in practical VoIP products We described the solutions as implemented in Audiocodes AC490x/AC50x VoIP processors products

27. Thank you for your time