1. NECTAR Cluster 1 (Networks) workshop, Harrogate, UK, 28-29 September 2012 Exploring equity issues in transport and communication networks Paulo Rui Anciaes On the multidimensionality of equity in transport networks

2. 01 MobilityAccessibility General mobility Automobility - Spatial mismatch land use policies, segregation - Modal mismatch public transport provision, travel costs - Space-time constraints gender divide Urban facilities Social inclusion Jobs - Parks - Health facilities - Food stores - Disability - Elderly - Children’s independent mobility - Job seekers - Elderly

3. 02 Environmental justice Love Canal protests, NY, USA, 1979. Origins of the environmental justice movement Air pollution and noise - Social distribution according to residence location ‘Tiebout’ sorting, segregation, political inequality - Exposure in the workplace - Exposure on the way to work in-vehicle exposures (cars vs. public transport) Pedestrian mobility - Pedestrian accident risk Usually analysed for specific age groups (children) - Street walkability

4. 03 Social exclusionEnvironmental justice  Joint distribution Accessibility to different types of destinations: Macintyre et al. 2008 Several environmental goods and ‘bads’: Kruize et al 2007  Exposure vs. “responsibility” for pollution – Household Kuznets curve Mitchell and Dorling 2003, Kingham et al. 2007 Integrate accessibility and environmental effects in the same empirical framework, searching for multiple disadvantages along different lines (age, qualifications) Contributions of this paper Include aspects whose patterns of distribution are still relatively unknown : the effects of motorized transport on pedestrian mobility

5. 04 Static inequalities: cluster analysis Age-0.51 Qualifications-0.17 Priv. transport job accessibility 0.02 Pub. transport job accessibility -0.50 Accessibility to urban facilities -0.41 Community severance 1.29 Pedestrian noise exposure 1.01 Cluster variables Cluster characterization ! Standardized variables

6. 05 Static inequalities: GWR -1.5 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 Regressions between noise and age, weighted on the space defined by accessibility levels Regressions between noise and qualifications, weighted on the space defined by accessibility levels Regression parameter Age Qualifications Private transport job accessibility Regression parameter

7. 06 Changes over time: canonical correlation c1c1 c2c2 c3c3 Δ Private tr. job accessibility 0.14-0.110.71 Δ Public tr. job accessibility 0.440.66-0.22 Δ Congestion0.480.660.23 Δ Com.Severance (motorway) 0.610.38-0.41 Δ Com.Severance (industry) 0.77-0.52-0.22 Δ Pedestrian noise exposure 0.080.04-0.49 Δ Retail0.460.480.41 Δ Green space-0.77-0.30-0.33 c’ 1 c’ 2 c’ 3 Δ Population0.110.760.19 Δ Low qualifications-0.32-0.16-0.51 Δ Graduates-0.040.300.84 Δ Employment rate-0.260.030.65 Δ Vacant dwellings-0.65-0.570.23 Δ Owned dwelling0.040.090.79 Δ Small dwellings-0.610.00-0.50 Δ Large dwellings0.07 0.87 Δ Informal dwelling0.720.28-0.44 Δ New buildings0.010.640.30 NEIGHBOURHOODPEOPLE, DWELLINGS

8. 07 Network planning: optimization -1 -0.5 0 F2 0.10.20.30.4 ≥0.5 <0.10.20.30.4 ≥0.5 <0.10.20.30.4 ≥0.5 < 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 Time gains Community Severance Optimization variable: community severance, inversely weighted by qualification levels Analyse distribution of costs according to benefits

9. ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS Bookchin Wenz Engels The ancients stole all our great ideas Developments in GIS and statistical methods now allow for the quantification of concepts found in existing theories of justice 08 SOCIAL JUSTICE Walzer Sen Rousseau Kant Rawls TRANSPORT JUSTICE Gorz Harvey Illich

10. Macintyre, S., Macdonald, L., Ellaway, A. (2008) Do poorer people have poorer access to local resources and facilities? The distribution of local resources by area deprivation in Glasgow, Scotland. Social Science & Medicine 67 (6), 900-914. Kruize, H., Driessen, P P J., Glasbergen, P., Van Egmond, K. (2007) Environmental equity and the role of public policy: Experiences in the Rijnmond region. Environmental Management 40 (4), 578-595. Mitchell, G. (2005) Forecasting environmental equity: Air quality responses to road user charging in Leeds, UK. Journal of Environmental Management 77 (3), 212-226. Kingham, S., Pearce, J., Zawar-Reza, P. (2007) Driven to injustice? Environmental justice and vehicle pollution in Christchurch, New Zealand. Transportation Research D 12 (4), 254-263. “The ancients stole all our great ideas” - Edward Ruscha (b. 1937) Thank you for your attention