1. Revision session
Rivers

2. The next 5 weeks Will all have a similar format.
Each week will be a different section:
Week 22: Rivers
Week 23: Hazards
Week 24: Eco activity & energy
Week 25: Urban
Week 26: Fragile environments
After that – a mixed bag of any questions I can locate!

3. Weeks 22 - 26 Each again will be similar:
First there will be a few of sheets of keywords (my aim is put them all into zondle quizzes for you to do at your leisure) and diagrams, processes and general theory.
Then there are case studies - what you could asked and some key points to get under your belt.
The final section will be going over an exam question or 2 and you will get one for homework.
Now this will be easy, except for coasts, as coasts were new to the syllabus and so there is only the mock material and 2011, so we do not have a great deal of choice there. The others were all present in the old syllabus so I can cut and paste a bit and we will have enough to practice.
See over for details of this unit …..

4. The world’s water supply is contained within a closed system — the hydrological cycle. Water is transferred between its various stores.
The hydrological cycle: characteristics, stores and transfers.·
Features of a drainage basin: watershed, source, mouth, channel network.·
The hydrograph (discharge, base flow, stormflow) and river regimes: factors affecting them (precipitation, temperature, water abstraction, dams).·
Running water has a significant influence on the development of landforms.
Processes: weathering and mass movement; erosion and deposition.
Factors affecting these processes (stream velocity, slope, geology).·
Formation of valleys, interlocking spurs, waterfalls, meanders, ox- bow lakes, flood plains and levees.·

5. fieldwork not included as you should already have that elsewhere
Water is vital to people, varies in availability and therefore needs careful management.
The uses of water: agriculture, industry, human hygiene and leisure including the reasons for a rising demand resulting in areas of water surplus and water shortage.·
Reasons for differences in water quality. Sources of pollution (sewage, industrial waste, agriculture).
Managing the supply of clean water (dams and reservoirs; pipelines; treatment works).·
Flooding: causes (intensity of rainfall, snowmelt, steep slopes, impermeable surfaces, human activities) and control (construction of spillways, embankments).
Case study of the rising demand for water in one country
E.g UK
A case study of a dam or reservoir project.
E.g. Three Gorges
A case study of a flood defence scheme
Bangladesh: Ganges- Brahmaputra
fieldwork not included as you should already have that elsewhere

6. Hydrological cycle
We define it as a closed system because it goes round and round and nothing can be added and nothing can be taken away. It also has several more words added, and a couple more ideas besides. Let’s look at the words: (a) The water, from various sources, but mainly the sea, is heated by the sun and some will evaporate. (b) The warm air carrying the water vapour rises up, where it cools as it gets further from the earth’s surface. (c) The vapour begins to condense into tiny drops of water and form clouds. Some of these will be blown over the land. This forces them up higher, causing more cooling, and the drops coalesce to get bigger, cutting out more sunlight so the clouds appear dark. (d) The larger drops are now precipitated from the cloud falling as snow or rain, depending on the height of the land they fall on. (e) If the rain lands on soil, it may run down hill over the surface (surface run-off) and into a river or it may soak into the soil (infiltration) or it hang around as puddle for a while (surface storage) before evaporating.
(f) If the precipitation lands on a mountain top as snow, it may well hang around in the glacier for sometime, another form of surface storage (g) If it is caught up in trees and plants we say it in intercepted. It may just slow up its route to the ground as much of it will soon drip off the leaves and end up on the soil (throughfall stemflow) But some may stay trapped in the vegetation for quite a while.(vegetation storage, if only temporary) (h) Some may fall straight into the river and be carried back to the sea (stream flow) or into lake. (yet another form of surface storage). (i) For the water that infiltrated into the soil, some might stay there for a while (soil storage) some will taken up by plants but some will flow down hill through the soil (through flow) and some will soak down into cracks in the rocks beneath the soil (percolation). It can stay there for some time (groundwater storage) or may run out as a spring. (j) Once all the spaces in the rock are filled, it is saturated and water may stay there for years as ground water storage. Then the water getting that far has reached the water table it will flow down hill as groundwater flow. With a couple of exception, the above is about water moving from one place to another – so all these processes are called flows. However, as was mentioned, the water may stay in one place for a shorter or longer time – these are called stores.

7. A drainage basin system (not cycle) as it is open
A drainage basin system (not cycle) as it is open. This means that it has water coming in (inputs) and water leaving (outputs).
What are the inputs to this system? (colour?) What are the outputs to this system? (colour?)
All the greens are what?
All the oranges are what?
The key is covered up - but the next slide might help!

8. List the inputs, outputs, stores and flows
Then return to slide 6 and add any more stores and flows not on this diagram

9. Hydrograph Can have 2 meanings:
Either a graph showing the annual discharge of a river at a particular point
Or a storm hydrograph shows the changing discharge following a storm

10. Need to know and understand all these terms

11. How does one storm hydrograph vary from another?
Go through these and sketch out different hydrographs compared with a ‘normal’ one
Area:
Large basins receive more precipitation than small therefore have larger runoff
Larger size means longer lag time as water has a longer distance to travel to reach the trunk river
Rock Type:
Permeable rocks mean rapid infiltration and little overland flow therefore shallow rising limb
Slope
Channel flow can be faster down a steep slope therefore steeper rising limb and shorter lag time

12. How does one storm hydrograph vary from another?
Soil:
Infiltration is generally greater on thick soil, although less porous soils eg. clay act as impermeable layers
The more infiltration occurs the longer the lag time and shallower the rising limb
Land use:
Urbanisation - concrete and tarmac form impermeable surfaces, creating a steep rising limb and shortening the time lag
Afforestation - intercepts the precipitation, creating a shallow rising limb and lengthening the time lag

13. How does one storm hydrograph vary from another?
Precipitation & Temperature:
Short intense rainstorms can produce rapid overland flow and steep rising limb
If there have been extreme temperatures, the ground can be hard (either baked or frozen) causing rapid surface run off
Snow on the ground can act as a store producing a long lag time and shallow rising limb. Once a thaw sets in the rising limb will become steep
If it is warm summer weather, more of the precipitation will evaporate, so less will reach the river, so the peak flow will be reduced

14. Now the meanings of all these words and be able to define them
A drainage basin
Now the meanings of all these words and be able to define them
Grove in which the river runs?
Name given to the start of a river?
Area from which all the water drains into a river?
A small river that joins the main river
Where a river runs into a sea or lake.
The junction between 2 rivers
The line that separates one drainage basin from another

15. Processes that change scenery
What do rivers do?
Rivers have energy. That means they can do work. The work they do is erosion and transportation. When they run out of energy they have to stop doing work, so they drop what they’re carrying. That’s called deposition
Solution often called corrosion

17. Weathering and mass wasting
Mass wasting is the downward movement of materials propelled and controlled by gravity down a slope.
Weathering notes : process by which rocks breaks up in situ
Physical: freeze thaw and onion skin;
Biological weathering by plants and animals
Chemical weathering - slightly acid rain/water dissolves away the rock - limestone or chalk, breakdown of granite
scree

18. What you need to be able to draw and explain:
* Some really good diagrams pages 10 and 12 in textbook

19. What you need to be able to draw and explain:

20. Water usage: Water surplus = more precipitation than is used
Water shortage = need more water than rivers/precipitation can supply -
Know the world figures (70,20,10 will do fine) and be aware of differences between HIC use and LIC use (but not the numbers).

21. Reasons for differences in water quality - Causes of water pollution?
For explanation see notes below slide
Farm on the left – surface run off with faeces and urine form animals, fertilizer, fish farms ( more fish wee in concentration)
Out at sea – oil and other shipping pollution – mariculture – that’s sea fish farming, sludge being deposited
On right Combustion giving acid rain, pollutants form factory in the water, storm drain out flow

22. Despite the problems …
We do have systems in place that (a) clean up water before we use it and (b) clean it again after we use it before let it back in the rivers!

23. This is a screen print from a really good site that explains it very clearly – it can be found on

24. Causes of river flooding
Return to slides 11 to 13 and write down those areas most likely to flood.
Make sure that you could write a because to go with it - if you have time, if no go back and check it out later.

25. Ways of managing floods - 2 types
Hard engineering - Refers to the more traditional engineering methods of damming, piping and channelling stormwater run-off, rather than working with more natural method.
Soft engineering - Engineering methods which are more closely aligned with the way natural systems work - sometimes called adjustment or mitigation

26. Ways of managing floods - 2 types
Hard engineering
Dams to control water levels up stream
Raised artificial banks
Relief channels (spillways)
Straighten rivers to speed flood water on its way
Dredge channels to enlarge channel size
Overflow basins to take extra water
Soft engineering
Flood warning systems to allow evacuation
Sand bagging to prevent homes being flooded
Zoning development to avoid areas that flood often for all building
Only permit landuse that can flood without long term damage e.g. sports fields, nature reserve
Preserve marshlands which will soak up water

27. Case studies Rising water demand - UK; pages 18-20
Dam reservoir - 3 Gorges; pages 30-31
Flood defence - Bangladesh; pages

28. Country with rising demand - UK
Consumption 120 litres a day (book), 160 litres a day (Offwat) -not a lot when compared with the USA at 575 litres a day
Rising due to population growth (domestic currently 20%) - also rising expectations - more washing machines, dishwashers - gardens in SE England becoming drier
Main use in electricity generation
Increasing use in crop irrigation - note recent drought warnings mean that even more will be need this year
Climate change is threatening long term deficit in East and Southern England. But we have a real problem this coming year in 8 counties already under drought orders.
Mismatch of supply and use = water stress and this is a serious issue.
But how are they coping?

29. Country with rising demand - UK
But how are they coping in SE England where things are worst?
Boring deeper into the aquifers (ground water stores) - about 10 years ago a bore in Essex was lengthened from 200m to 600m - and the engineers said that was likely to go dry inside 20 years.
Construction of reservoirs in the wetter parts of the UK and piping the water in, e.g. Elan Valley has supplied Birmingham with water for over 100 years.
New idea talked about in the last few weeks - using canals and pipes to build a water grid similar to the electricity grid, so water can flow anywhere it is needed.
Encouragement for people not to waste water - wash your teeth everyone?
Grey water usage - water that has been used for baths, dish washers etc or captured rainwater recycled via your toilet.

30. Dam reservoir - 3 Gorges Where? China on the Yangtze River.
Why? Originally for flood control. During the 20th Century there were 3 catastrophic floods, plus many smaller ones. Over 300,000 people have been drowned. The dam will prevent flooding, thereby saving thousands of lives.
The dam will prevent flooding, thereby saving thousands of lives
But later it became obvious it could supply up to 10% of the electricity needed by a fast industrialising China, which at the time was dependent on dirty coal fire power stations., which were contributing increasing to global warming.
Also it meant the Yangtse River would be navigable must further upstream, reducing road transport costs and pollution.

31. Dam reservoir - 3 Gorges Disadvantages:
Need to displace over 1 million people - including 13 cities
Flooded valley would lead to loss of some of the most fertile farm land
Dam would trap silt that would have otherwise replenished farmland down stream, leading to increased use of artificial fertilizer.
Concerns that the recent earthquake just before the last Olympics occurred on the same fault line that is the 3 Gorges Dam on.
Also concerns about disease and loss of fish stocks in the water trapped behind the dam.

33. Causes of floods in Bangladesh
80% of Bangladesh and 90% of its people live below 1metre above sea level.
It is formed from the flood plains of 3 huge rivers, Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna.
Causes of flood:
monsoon rains - summertime
Spring melt water from the Himalayas
Deforestation in the Nepal

34. Flood management in Bangladesh
Bangladesh Flood Action Plan (FAP):
Build mud embankments around towns and cities
Dredge channels that have become silted up
Straighten channels to reduce erosion and speed flood water on its way
Construct dams upstream to trap water before it floods the cities
Construct spillways to redirect flood water
Improve forecasting and public flood warnings
Build raised shelters of concrete on higher ground.

35. What does a case study answer need
1. Make sure you know what they want to hear? Is it:
causes or reason Or
Consequences or management?
Do not tell them anything they have not asked for!
Have they used any technical terms like ‘water stress’ or similar? If so explain what these mean at the start.
If there are some general answer to the question for example causes of flooding for example - list all those you worked out slide 24 in summary.
Then going to the Bangladesh study and say for example in Bangladesh …..

36. Homework The homework sheet has 3 questions on
Be sure to do at least one now
Keep the others for later, but do let me mark them when you decide to do them - thinking about what you could do better is a great revision tool