1. CORRELATION BETWEEN STRENGTH AND FLEXIBILITY By: Billy Wilson

2. INTRODUCTION There are four basic components to physical fitness. – Muscular Endurance, Cardiovascular Endurance, Muscular Strength, Flexibility Muscular Strength- the ability of the muscle to generate the maximum amount of force Flexibility- the ability to move a joint through the full range of motion without discomfort or pain

3. PURPOSE AND HYPOTHESIS Purpose – The major purpose of this study was to determine a correlation between an individual’s muscular strength and flexibility. Hypothesis – The null hypothesis for this study states: There was no correlation between an individual’s muscular strength and flexibility.

4. PROBLEM AND NEED Problem – The study was designed to answer the question: Was there a correlation between an individual’s muscular strength and flexibility? Need – It is important to maximize both strength and flexibility since they are both components of physical fitness. – It is important to know the relationship between flexibility and muscular strength.

5. LIMITATIONS The major limitations of the study were: The researcher was not the one who collected the data. There were multiple testers. The researcher was not present when the tests were taken. All testers may not have been using exactly the same joint reference points when calculating range of motion. Goniometry is not the most accurate form of determining flexibility.

6. DELIMITATIONS The major delimitations of the study were: All the subjects were volunteers. All the subjects were students at a university in Southeast Tennessee. All subjects were tested in a class designed specifically for research testing. The tests were taken in the 2007 school year. All subjects were between the ages of 18-38. The strength test was delimited to the one repetition max.

7. CHAPTER 2 INTRO Physical fitness is defined as a set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity. Muscular Strength- the maximum amount of push or pull that can be exerted one time by a muscle group – Isometric Contraction and Isotonic Contraction tests Flexibility – Static Flexibility and Dynamic Flexibility – Inclinometer, Radiography, Goniometry

8. RECOMMENDATION FOR PROGAMS The majority of the subjects were college aged males and females that were not regularly involved in strength or flexibility training. The main instrument used was the goniometer and the main test was the 1RM. Most of the studies were on the effects of pre-event stretching on exercise performance. Most concluded that pre-event stretching caused a power deficit

9. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW Pre-event stretching has a negative effect on performance. – speed, agility, and power output Findings based upon college aged subjects that were mostly physically inactive. Goniometery and 1RM were main testing tools.

10. CHAPTER 3 Sample – Data collected in Fall semester of 2007-2008 school year – Males between the ages 18-38 – Students attending major metropolitan university – Randomly chosen by students of the exercise testing class

11. CHAPTER 3 Methodology – Subjects participated in 1RM bench press test for muscular strength – Subjects’ flexibility measured with a goniometer Right shoulder abduction – Data were collected by students of an exercise testing class – Both male and female subjects tested, but only male scores were used for this study

12. CHAPTER 4 Table 4.1 Subjects’ One Repetition Max vs. Flexibility SsAge1RMFlexibility__________ 122415180 223365180 319265180 423405180 521395168 621215180 721225180 822185150 920190120 1020250138 1122145110 1231175183 1320195162 1438245154 1519255183 Ss= Subjects Age= The age of the subjects at the time of testing 1RM= One repetition maximum bench press in pounds Flexibility= Degree of shoulder range of motion.

13. CHAPTER 4 Table 4.2 Spearman r Data Analysis of Strength and Flexibility Correlation Level of Confidence0.05 Degree of Freedom58 Critical Value.250 Calculated Value.010 Legend: Level of Confidence= p>0.05 Degree of Freedom= the number of subjects minus one Critical Value= a value in the sample distribution to which the calculated statistic was compared Calculated Value= a value derived from computing procedures applied to the data

14. CHAPTER 5 Null Hypothesis – There was no correlation between an individual’s muscular strength and flexibility. – Based on the analysis of the data, the null hypothesis was accepted. If this study were done again: – Make sure no stretching was done before the 1RM test – Test a different shoulder movement – Test the correlation in females

15. REFERENCES Behm, D.G., E. E. Bradbury, A. T. Haynes, J. N. Hodder, A. M. Leonard, N. R. Paddock, et al. 2005. Flexibility is not Related to Stretch-Induced Deficits in Force or Power. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5: 33-42. Cornelius, W., M. Hands. 1992. The Effects of a Warm-up on Acute Hip Joint Flexibility Using a Modified PNF Stretching Technique. Journal of Athletic Training :112-114. Halvorson, R., et al. 2007. Dynamic Warm-Ups Improve Athletic Performance. IDEA Fitness Journal: 19. Kokkonen, J., A. G. Nelson, et al. 2001. Acute Ballistic Muscle Stretching Inhibits Maximal Strength Performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72(4): 415-419. Kravitz, L., et al. 2006. Resistance and Flexibility Training: an Ambiguous Relationship Clarified. IDEA Fitness Journal: 23-25. Nelson, A., N. Driscoll, D. Landin, M. Young, I. Schexnayder, et al. 2005. Acute Effects of Passive Muscle Stretching on Sprint Performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(5): 449-454. Nelson, A., J. Allen, A. Cornwell, J. Kokkonen, et al. 2001. Inhibition of Maximal Voluntary Isometric Torque Production by Acute Stretching is Joint-Angle Specific. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72(1): 68-70. Nelson, A., J. Kokkonen, C. Eldredge, et al. 2005. Strength Inhibition Following an Acute Stretch is Not Limited to Novice Stretchers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 76(4): 500-506. Siegel, D. (ed.), et al. 2006. Stretching and Muscular Endurance Performance. JOPERD, 77(5): 5. Tsuang, Y., S. Lam, L. Wu, C. Chiang, L. Chen, P. Chen, J. Sun, C. Wang, et al. 2007. Isokinetic Eccentric Exercise can Induce Skeletal Muscle Injury within the Physiologic Excursion of Muscle-Tendon Unit: a Rabbit Model. Journal of Orthopedic Surgery and Research, 2(13): 1-7.

16. REFERENCES Battinelli, Thomas. 2000. Pyhsicque, Fitness, and Performance. New York, NY: CRC Press. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. “Components of Physical Fitness.” http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/physical/components/.http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/physical/components/ Golding, Lawrence (ed.). 2000. YMCA Fitness Testing and Assessment Manual. 4th ed. Gore, Christopher. 2000. Physiological Tests for Elite Athletes. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Hoffman, J. 2006. Norms for Fitness, Performance, and Health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Morrow, J., Jackson, A., Disch, J., Mood, D. 2005. Measurement and Evaluation in Human Performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. The President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. 2008. “Physical Activity Facts.” http://www.fitness.gov/resources_factsheet.htm.http://www.fitness.gov/resources_factsheet.htm Sutton, Amy (ed). 2007. Fitness and Exercise Sourcebook. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, Inc.