1. NRCEST 國立交通大學土木工程學系 中華民國 102 年 3 月 6 日

2. Float type or analogue tide gauges 2

3. The invention of the first self-recording float gauge is usually attributed to an English engineer named Henry Palmer in 1831, but this prototype was never used to collect continuous measurements over long periods. In France, the hydrographer Chazallon, author of the tide tables of the coasts of France in 1839, developed one of the first operational float gauges in 1842. In 1859 there were some ten operating on the French coast. Starting in the 1990s, float gauges were gradually replaced by digital gauges (first ultrasonic then radar). 3 http://refmar.shom.fr/documentation/instrumentation/maregraphe-a-flotteur

4. pressure tide gauges 4 H: depth of the measurement location (average immersion of the sensor) h (t): the change in sea level, a function of time t and the zero mean h(t) = 0 p (t): the pressure measured by the sensor Pa (t): the atmospheric pressure at sea level, ρ : the average density of the sea water G: the acceleration of gravity

5. Ultrasonic tide gauges 5  In the 1980s, to upgrade the existing network of tide gauges in the US, the Naval Oceanographic Survey (NOS) undertook a study showing that the airborne acoustics method for measuring distances was likely to achieve the best compromise between the quality of sea level measurements and the overall cost of the network. This cost included acquisition, operation and maintenance for a period of 20 years. The operation of ultrasonic gauges (ultrasonic transducers) is simple: the air draft between the tide gauge and the sea surface is measured by the transmission and reception of ultrasonic waves emitted into the air at 41.5 kHz.  H = d – l = d – (c Δt / 2)  c = 331.2 [ 1 + 0.97(w/pa) + 1.9 10 -3 T] m/s

6. Radar tide gauge 6  Measuring water depth by radar wave has become widespread since the late 1980s and is now a common technique with a large number of sensors available on the market. For coastal tide stations, the advantage of these ultrafrequency radars is that they have a constant speed (the speed of light) offering height measurements over short distances that are unaffected by environmental conditions. These gauges meet all the accuracy requirements, but they can be tricky to install and calibrate. A structure above water is necessary for the transducer to be referenced vertically

7. Radar tide gauge 7 Poffa N., S. Enet, J.-C. Kerinec, équipe projet RONIM (2012). Evolution instrumentale des marégraphes du réseau RONIM. JNGCGC, Cherbourg, pp. 611-618.Evolution instrumentale des marégraphes du réseau RONIM Martın Mıguez B.,R. Le Roy, G. Woppelmann (2008). The Use of Radar Tide Gauges to Measure Variations in Sea Level along the French Coast. Journal of Coastal Research, vol 24, 4C, pp.61-68The Use of Radar Tide Gauges to Measure Variations in Sea Level along the French Coast Simon B. (2007). La Marée - La marée océanique et côtière. Edition Institut océanographique, 434pp.

8. Data Acquisition 8 One-hour tide gauge data Every sharp hour, the unit acquires a series of measurements over a period of six minutes. The series is averaged 6-minute tide gauge data Every 6 minutes, the unit acquires a series of measurements over a period of two minutes. The series is averaged to produce digitally-filtered water height data. These, as well as the hourly atmospheric pressure measurement are filed on the unit's memory board (capacity approximately 1 year's data). 1-second tide gauge data The measurements taken every second are not archived by the data logger.