2. Visible Emissions Evaluation Certification Training Also Known As “Smoke School”

3. BEFORE WE GET STARTED DID YOU SIGN IN?

4. RESTROOMS

5. LUNCH TIME

6. PLEASE DON’T USE YOUR CELL PHONES DURING LECTURES

7. NO SMOKING

8.  What visible emissions are  How they are caused  External factors that may influence them  How Visible Emissions can be controlled  The Georgia VE Regulations  How to properly evaluate VE  What visible emissions are  How they are caused  External factors that may influence them  How Visible Emissions can be controlled  The Georgia VE Regulations  How to properly evaluate VE Lecture Objectives We want you to understand the following:

9. REGULATORY BACKGROUND

10. 1881 City Air Pollution Laws Chicago & Cincinnati

11. REGULATORY BACKGROUND 1890 - Ohio regulated smoke emissions from steam boilers.

12. REGULATORY BACKGROUND Ringlemann Number (1897) A system where shades of gray can be reproduced by using a grid of black lines on a white background. Used to determine boiler efficiency.

13. RINGLEMANN CHARTS 20% to 80%

14. REGULATORY BACKGROUND OPACITY THE AMOUNT, EXPRESSED IN PERCENT, THAT EMISSIONS REDUCE THE TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT AND OBSCURE THE BACKGROUND. ( 5 % increments)

15. REGULATORY BACKGROUND Equivalent Opacity = (20 x Ringlemann No.)  The opacity that is equivalent to the obscuring power of the black smoke characterized by a Ringlemann Number. Due to the promulgation of 40 CFR 60 Method 9 in 1974, the State of Georgia no longer uses the Ringlemann System.

16. REGULATORY BACKGROUND 40 CFR 60, APPENDIX A METHOD 9 - Promulgated 1974  Visual determination of the emissions from stationary sources.  Provides procedures for training, certification of observations and determination of plume opacity.

17. QUESTIONS

18. What are Visible Emissions?

25. Questions

26. How are Visible Emissions Caused?

27. PARTICLES Combustion sources : smoke, soot, fly ash Non-combustion sources : dust, fumes, mists, vapors, gases VARIOUS POLLUTION SOURCES

28. Industrial Process Losses  Chemical Processing  Mineral Processing  Petroleum Refining  Solvent Evaporation

29. PARTICLES AND OPACITY IF THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES IN A CERTAIN VOLUME OF AIR IS INCREASED, MORE LIGHT WILL BE BLOCKED.

30. External Factors That May Influence Visible Emissions External Factors That May Influence Visible Emissions

35. How Can Visible Emissions Be Controlled?

36. CONTROL EQUIPMENT LOW ENERGY SYSTEMS: (do not collect small particles as efficiently) -SETTLING CHAMBER -CYCLONE HIGH ENERGY SYSTEMS: (do collect small particles efficiently) -BAGHOUSE -WET SCRUBBER -ESP

37. LARGE PARTICLES FALL INTO HOPPER 50 MICRONS OR LESS EXPANDED AREA TO SLOW DOWN GAS FLOW CONTROL EQUIPMENT SETTLING CHAMBER

38. CYCLONES CYCLONES centrifugal force High efficiency -Collect particles down to 4 microns; requires high pressure at inlet. -< 3ft. in diameter. Low efficiency -Cannot collect smaller particles; -larger / less pressure CONTROL EQUIPMENT

39. Baghouse - pressure, filter, 99%+ CONTROL EQUIPMENT

40. BAGHOUSE TIDBITS Different types of bags for different types of exhaust. Uses particulate build-up on the bags to clean more effectively. (pores smaller) Sometimes use pulsed air to clean the bags. (hoppers)

41. CONTROL EQUIPMENT WET SCRUBBER Uses water to contact the particles and carry them out of the exhaust. No hoppers Can be very efficient Water needs to be cleaned and /or dried up (Settling pond)

42. WET SCRUBBER CONTROL EQUIPMENT

44. Very effective Moderate operating cost High installation cost Complex: may require original contractor to repair ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

45. CONTROL EQUIPMENT Charges particles Attracts the charged particles to plates Raps the plate to drop particles into the hopper ESP OPERATION

46. ESP CONTROL EQUIPMENT

47. Questions

48. Some Meteorological Variables Which Influence Plume Transport, Dispersion & Opacity WIND STABILITY PRECIPITATION FRONTS

49. WIND SPEED Affects plume dispersion High Winds = Greater dispersion Low Winds = Less dispersion Also affects plume rise

50. WIND DIRECTION Determines the area over which pollutants will move in relation to the source

51. STABILITY n Ability of the atmosphere to disperse pollutants. n Dominating factor in determining plume rise and dispersion.

52. Cloud Cover n Determines the intensity of sunlight n Clear Sky - Unstable lower atmosphere from surface heating n Cloudy Sky - Stable lower atmosphere

53. Change of Temperature in the Vertical in the Vertical n NORMAL Atmosphere - Temperature decreases with height. n INVERSION - Temperature increases with height.

54. INVERSION n Layer of air in which temperature increases with height n Top of the layer acts like a cap to limit vertical dispersion n Pollution often becomes trapped beneath the inversion cap

55. n Removes pollutants from the atmosphere n Natures Wet Scrubber PRECIPITATION

56. FRONTS n Affect winds n Affect temperatures n Affect stability n Can help cause precipitation

57. Questions

58. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Opacity Method

59. SOME ADVANTAGES OF VISIBLE EMISSIONS EVALUATION n Validity Established in Court. n Can Qualify with a Short Period of Training – Technical Background. n Sophisticated Equipment Not Required. n Evaluation Not Time Consuming. n Offers Methods of Self Monitoring.

60. SOME DISADVANTAGES OF VISIBLE EMISSIONS EVALUATION n Optimum Positioning Not Always Possible – The Greater the Deviation from Prescribed Conditions, the Less Reliable the Evaluation. n Adverse Weather Conditions – High Winds, Rain, Haze – May Inhibit Reliability or Make Readings Impossible for a Time. n NO Universal Correlation Between Opacity and Mass Emissions. n VE’S Not Readily Performed at Night.

61. Observer Position for Reading Visible Emissions

62. PRESCRIBED CONDITIONS I. POSITION:  The observer shall be positioned with the sun in the 140° sector to his or her back.  The observer shall be positioned with the wind blowing the plume at approximately right angles to his or her line of sight if possible.  The observer shall be positioned so that the longer axis of a rectangular outlet is at approximately a right angle to his or her line of sight.  The observer shall be positioned from a point not less than three stack heights nor more than a quarter mile from the base of the stack.

63. PRESCRIBED CONDITIONS (continued) II: OBSERVATION:  The observer’s line of sight shall not include more than one plume, when multiple stacks are visible.  The observer should view the plume at the point of greatest opacity, usually about one diameter above the stack exit.  The observer shall not stare at the plume continually, but view the plume only at the prescribed 15 second interval.  The observer shall view the plume against a background that contrasts with the color of the plume.

64. Point towards the Stack 140º Angle sun

65. 140140 °

66. KEEP THE SUN AT YOUR BACK EVEN ON OVERCAST DAYS

67. Observer positioned with the longer axis of rectangular outlets at approximately right angles to the observer’s line of view.

68. The observers line of sight is perpendicular to the long axis of a rectangular outlet.

70. The observer is positioned from a point not less than THREE ( 3 ) stack heights and not more than 1/4 mile from the source.

71. OBSERVER POSITION 3H 2H 1H 20 21.0 22.4 28.2 ACTUAL OPACITY OBSERVED OPACITY H STACK 45° 27° 18° 1H2H3H

72.  

73. OBSERVER’S LINE OF VIEW SHOULD NOT INCLUDE MORE THAN ONE STACK WHEN MULTIPLE STACKS ARE INCLUDED.

75. Condensed Water Vapor Plumes

76. CAUSES OF WET PLUMES WATER PRODUCED BY FUEL COMBUSTION. MOISTURE FROM DRYERS. WATER INTRODUCED BY WET SCRUBBER. WATER INTRODUCED TO CONTROL HEAT. WATER INTRODUCED TO CONDITION GAS FLOW

77. SON, THAT’S JUST STEAM

78. AREA OF STEAM CONDENSATION READ HERE ATTACHED STEAM PLUME

79. AREA OF STEAM CONDENSATION READ HERE READ HERE (PREFERRED)

81. The Smoke Generator and How it Works

83. SMOKE GENERATOR TRAILER COMPONENTS PROPANE TANK STORAGE WHITE SMOKE VAPORIZATION CHAMBER

84. VENT SMOKE GENERATOR TRAILER COMPONENTS

85. BLACK SMOKE COMBUSTION CHAMBER

86. PLUME PRODUCTION

87. PROPANE PLUME PRODUCTION

88. WHITE SMOKE

89. PLUME PRODUCTION

90. BLACK SMOKE

91. SMOKE PRODUCTION PLUME PRODUCTION

92. Reflection, Refraction or Absorption

93. PLUME MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION

94. TRANSMISSOMETER PHOTOCELL LIGHT SOURCE PLUME MEASUREMENT AND CALIBRATION

95. Field Procedures and Documentation

96. METHOD 9 METHOD 9 INCLUDES: PROCEDURES FOR TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION OF OBSERVERS. PROCEDURES TO BE USED IN THE FIELD FOR DETERMINATION OF PLUME OPACITY.

97. THE APPEARANCE OF A PLUME DEPENDS UPON A NUMBER OF VARIABLES WHICH MAY BE CONTROLLABLE IN THE FIELD

98. OPACITY OBSERVATIONS SHALL BE MADE AT THE POINT OF GREATEST OPACITY.

99. OBSERVER SHOULD NOT STARE AT THE PLUME CONTINUALLY, BUT VIEW THE PLUME ONLY AT THE PRESCRIBED 15 SECOND INTERVAL.

100. THE OBSERVER SHOULD VIEW THE PLUME AGAINST BACKGROUNDS THAT CONTRAST WITH THE COLOR OF THE PLUME.

101. A BLACK PLUME SHOULD BE READ AGAINST A LIGHT BACKGROUND

102. A WHITE PLUME SHOULD BE READ AGAINST A DARK TEXURED BACKGROUND

103. PICK UP TEST SHEET POSITION YOURSELF (SUN AT BACK) FILL OUT TOP PORTION OF FORM LOOK AT THE STANDARDS FIELD QUALIFYING PROCEDURES

107. Don’t Look From Side To Side For information !!!

108. FIELD QUALIFYING PROCEDURES TESTING A trainee must assign opacity values to 25 black plumes and 25 white Plumes on one continuous form.

109. FIELD CERTIFICATION AND FORMS

113. 1. STARING AT THE PLUME 2. READING THE PLUME AT THE WRONG TIME Common Errors

115. CHECK TO MAKE SURE THAT YOUR TEST:  Has only one circled answer on every line  Has neatly marked changes  Is signed Then turn in the white original portion.

116. Did You PASS ? If the answers to the following questions are all yes, turn in the yellow copy.  Were all answers within 15% opacity i.e., errors of 3 increments or less (+ or -)  Was the total error less than 38 for black smoke?  Was the total error less than 38 for white smoke?

118. You must re-test if:  There is an error of 4 increments or Greater anywhere on the Field Test Form  The total error on either of the sets is more than 37

119. QUESTIONS

120. THE END