1. If all of your cells had a mutation in an important gene, why could that be bad?

2. Chromosomes- Each chromosome is made of many genes. Genes- Each gene holds a sequence to be transcribed and translated into a protein. A gene is an instruction for a protein to be made by your body.

3. All cells in you have the SAME genetic code. only read certain genes to tell them what that cell should do When a new cell is made… these cells differentiate, turning on/off different parts of DNA to make them a specific type of cell

4. DNA is the code of life BUT- it cannot leave the nucleus, AND it is written in the wrong language You need something to COPY and TRANSLATE it!

5. RNA (the copier)- Single-stranded ribonucleic acid acts to bring the DNA’s message to the ribosome, telling it what protein to make. Only two difference- In RNA, no T. Instead, has U Single-, not double-stranded

6. 3 types rRNA (ribosomal RNA) makes up ribosomes *mRNA (messenger RNA) brings DNA’s code to ribosome *tRNA (transfer RNA) brings amino acids to ribosome for protein construction

7. DNA used as a template DNA opens in part, and each “gene” is used as a template for an mRNA strand to be constructed mRNA read in 3-letter sequences by the ribosome Animation of Transcription

8. RNA goes to the Ribosome (the translator RNA is “translated” into a protein each coded tRNA brings with it an amino acid to add to the protein Animation of Translation

9. A change in a genetic sequence. This can result in a change in the three- letter sequence, which results in different amino acids being added, and the wrong protein made

10. Point mutations- A single DNA nucleotide is changed, resulting in one wrong codon being produced. AAT  AAG would add L instead of A to the amino acid chain.

11. Frame-shift mutations Insertion or deletion One nucleotide is either added or removed from the sequence, resulting in a change in all of the codons that result in the chain. ATT GCC CTG GAT TAC ATT CGC CCT GGA TTA C

12. Lac gene: When glucose present, lac (lactose) gene is off (use glucose instead of lactose for energy When no glucose, lac gene turns back on to use other sugars (lactose) to | make energy

13. In many cases, the environment an organism is in will change its genetic expression. Some will turn genes on, some will turn genes off **Your DNA doesn’t change, what does change is what genes are turned on and which are turned off

14. If a rabbit moves to a new location and its fur color changes, has its DNA changed? Explain?