1. Hereditary Vs Environment The Debate Continues

2. General Information n Inherited characteristics carried by genes –200,000 trillion n Genes are carried on chromosomes –23 pair –22pair of autosomes –1 pair sex-linked

3. Genetics continued n Hereditary creates “likeness” n Not sameness –Ex. Fraternal twins –Brother & sister n Potential determined by hereditary n Environment impacts how close we get –Meet / exceed/ underachieve

4. Genetic Terms n Genes are dominant or recessive n Rule --- Exception –Eye color n Control many factors –Eye shape/ color –Ear lobes –nose shape –Hair: color, thickness

5. n Lip thickness n Widows peak n Tasters vs. non-tasters n New Born is something new/ unique n Eye color example

6. Example n DADMOM n BbBb n Possibilities –BB Brown (pure) Homozygous Dominant –Bb Brown( mixed) Heterozygous –bB Brown (mixed0 Heterozygous –bb Blue (pure) Homozygous Recessive

7. Eye Color n Phenotype –Chance for brown eyes 3:1 –What we see n Genotype –What is genetically present –1:2:1 n Green / Hazel eyes

8. Eye Color n One blue/ one brown n Sporadic mutation –Identical twins –Other species

9. Birth Rates n 106 males to 100 females n Age 20 equal n Age 50 100 Woman to 85 men n Age 85 Five woman to one man n Male ( XY)Female (XX) –Options 50/ 50 n Sex Linked Traits

10. Sex Linked Traits n Color Blindness n Baldness n Hemophilia

11. Old Wives Tales n Control or influence sex of the baby n Month conceived/ born n Eat sugar n Conception after menstration n Eat lots of meat

12. Factors Affecting the Fetus n Maternal Nutrition n Maternal Infection n Drugs –Legal/ Prescribed –Illegal –RH Factor –Prematurity

13. Prematurity n Smoking n Alcohol “ Fetal Alcohol Syndrome “ n Rates –Industrial vs. Third world –USA 7.6 % England 6.5 % –Japan 10% –India 35 %

14. Miracle of Near Perfect Birth n Karotype n Genetic Aberrations –PKU –Sporadic Mutation –Marfan’s Syndrome –Down’s Syndrome

15. Amniocentesis n Pre-Natal Diagnosis –Sonogram –Alpha Fetal Protein –Age 35 –Family History n Previous pregnancy n miscarriages n Fertility drugs

16. Chromosomal Abnormalities n Deletion n Translocation : trisomy “21” n Ring Chromosome n Turners Syndrome (F) –no ovaries n Kleinfelders XXY Super male n Super Female XXX

17. Summary n Genes n Familial Traits n Near perfect birth n Family history n Medicines n Diet n Exercise