1. Using Social Norm Approaches to Abolish Corporal Punishment in Schools in Sierra Leone by Janet Tucker Talk Structure Overview of Current situation in sierra Leone Why is Corporal Punishment a social Norm? Current Intervention Strategies –Ineffective How to shift expectations New Intervention Strategies Process of Change Target Groups Conclusion

2. Overview of current situation Corporal Punishment used nationwide as the main form of punishment In this context corporal punishment is taken to mean physical punishments such as : caning, flogging, standing/kneeling long in the sun, working long hours in the school or in a teacher’s private garden. The fear of Corporal punishment scars away children from school and thus affects regular school attendance and retention. Corporal punishment increases risk of child abuse.

3. Why is Corporal Punishment a social Norm? Belief(social as well as personal normative belief) Most people in sierra Leone, regardless of their educational status and religious background, believe that corporal punishment is the most appropriate form of discipline for children. They believe that it is the language of discipline that the African child best understands for compliance. This belief is not only widely accepted, they claim its legitimacy from biblical idea of ‘spare the rod, spoil the child(Proverbs 23: 13,14,29) Empirical Expectations The majority of Sierra Leoneans, parents, educated and non- educate, and teachers alike(about 95%) use corporal punishment as a form of discipline for children.

4. Corporal punishment as a Social norm -continued Teachers who fail to use corporal punishment are considered weak and spoiling the children, who may turn out to be social deviants.(Sanction) There are a few people who would like to employ alternative methods of discipline on children, but they prefer to use corporal punishment, especially in school, because everybody else is using it.(conditional preference) Normative Expectations Parents believe that teachers ought to use corporal punishment to discipline children in school Because teachers believe that parents think that corporal punishment is the best form of discipline for children, corporal punishment is widely used in schools.

5. Current Intervention Strategies that have not worked well. Enactment of a Child Right Rights(2007)to domesticate the CRC Development of a Code of Conduct for teachers Development of community bye-laws Why Ineffective? Reference networks not targeted for public deliberation for generation of common knowledge, commitment for collective action and organised diffusion. Positive Alternative Discipline not identified, adopted and diffused. Conflict between empirical expectations and legal norms – people continue using corporal punishment(empirical expectation)

6. How to Shift Expectations Abandon old Norm –Corporal Punishment Adopt New Norm- Positive Alternative Discipline (Mackie)

7. Interventions Strategies that may apply Based on two case studies learned from the course Part of the Foot binding intervention model in China The domestic violence reduction case study in Barrancabermeja–Colombia-

8. Foot binding model (Mackie)as it relates to this case study Use education campaign to publicise the disadvantages of corporal punishment and the advantages of Positive Alternative Discipline Organize public information campaign and mass meetings Organize Positive Alternative Discipline Committees and replicate across schools and communities in Sierra Leone Long school and community deliberations

9. Domestic Violence Reduction model in Barrancabermeja, Colombia- Corpovisionarios)as it relates to this case study Whistle blowing against corporal punishment Theatre –forum – to educate on the disadvantages of corporal punishment and advantages of positive Alternative discipline Collective decision to enact change Relationship with media and local government institutions Sustained public deliberations and diffusion

10. Process of Change Use core groups in relevant Reference Networks to facilitate collective public deliberations (Mackie, Mercier, ) on the benefits of alternative discipline to influence people’s schemata and scripts ( Bicchieri) using Mass media, coordinated community meetings Sustained public engagement through: social media, C4D communication tools, community theatre, role plays, community meetings to generate common knowledge, public pledges and collective action for change Organised Diffusion model -Using core groups within Reference networks to diffuse messages within their networks. Encourage relevant networks to influence their respected strong ties, for them to utilize weak ties to extend the messages to other component networks.(Muldoon)

11. Process of Change-continued Development of action plans to implement positive Alternative Discipline –to create confidence within relevant networks(Bicchieri) Monitoring of the implementation of the action plan by all stakeholders Enact sanction for deviance and reward for compliance – e.g whistle blowing (Corpovisionarios) Review of the code of conduct, Child Rights Act to integrate the Positive Alternative Discipline measures agreed by stakeholders Collaboration with the media and government institutions for diffusion and implementation(Corpovisionarios) Create Positive Alternative Discipline Committees (Footbinding)

12. Target Groups No.Reference NetworkCore Group(s) 1 Teachers, Principals and Head teachers, Sierra Leone Teachers Union(SLTU) Council of Head Teachers and Conference of Principles of secondary Schools, SLTU Focal Points for the Code of Conduct for Teachers. 2 School Management Committees, PTA/CTA, Child Welfare Committees PTA and CTA representatives 3Parents, guardians, caregivers Mothers clubs, new Committees on Positive Alternative Discipline 4ChildrenChildren’s Network Forum(CFN), children’s clubs 5 Civil Society and Community-Based Organisations Caucus groups, Send-your-child-to-school Ambassadors 6Community opinion leaders Chiefs, respected elders, youth leaders, women leaders 7NGOs Education and Child rights Organisations 8Government institutionsMinistry of Education, Local Councils 9 Universities and Teacher Training colleges Focal Points of Code of Conduct, Child Centred Teaching Techniques and Emerging Issues 10 11 The Media Religious Groups New Committees to be established Pastors/Reverends and Imams

13. Conclusion Corporal punishment is a harmful social norm that contributes to irregular school attendance and low retention rate. It must be abandoned(Old harmful norm) Positive Alternative discipline(new norm) should be adopted Core groups within Reference Networks should be targeted for organised public deliberations and diffusion to generate common knowledge for collective action to abandon the old empirical expectations and create new normative and empirical expectations(R. Muldoon),(C. Bicchieri) UNICEF has not been using the social norm approach in the past in their human right- based approach to programming. However, there is empirical evidence that social norm approach is crucial for sustained behaviour change interventions.