1. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction Walter Benjamin (1892-1940)

2. Quotation »Paul Valery (1871 ～ 1945) »the amazing growth of our techniques »profound changes are impending in the ancient craft of the Beautiful »neither matter nor space nor time has been what it was from time immemorial. »We must expect great innovations to transform the entire technique of the arts, thereby affecting artistic invention itself and perhaps even bringing about an amazing change in our very notion of art. »Innovations―― － technique of the arts――artistic invention――our very notion of art.

3. Preface » （ 1 ） Capitalism: Marx directed his efforts in such a way as to give them prognostic value. exploit the proletariat with increasing intensity, ultimately to create conditions to abolish capitalism itself. » （ 2 ） Superstructure----substructure: Their dialectic is no less noticeable in the superstructure than in the economy (substructure). » （ 3 ） The value: Be useful for the formulation of revolutionary demands in the politics of art.

4. Ⅰ Reproduction （ 1 ） replica: (a work of art has always been reproducible) Man-made artifacts could always be imitated by men. Ancient Greece: founding 铸造 stamping 制模. Bronzes 青铜器, terra cottas 陶器, coins 硬币 Middle Age: woodcut, engraving and etching 蚀刻 19C: lithography 平版印刷术 ----( implied the illustrated newspaper) 1839: photography-----( foreshadow the sound film) (free the hand, only upon the eye looking into a lens.) （ 2 ） The standard of technical reproduction had reached, A: reproduce all transmitted works B: capture a place of its own among the artistic processes

5. »Around 1900 technical reproduction had reached a standard that not only permitted it to reproduce all transmitted works of art and thus to cause the most profound change in their impact upon the public; it also had captured a place of its own among the artistic processes. （ 3 ） Different manifestations A: reproduction of works of art B: the art of the film

6. Ⅱ Authenticity & Aura »Authenticity §One element: Art work’s presence in time and space, its unique existence at the place where it happens to be. Includes: physical condition over the years & various changes in its ownership § The concept of authenticity （ 1 ） The presence of the original is the prerequisite. （ 2 ） The whole sphere of authenticity is outside technical, reproducibility. A: process reproduction is more independent of the original than manual reproduction. B: technical reproduction can put the copy of the original into situations which would be out of reach for the original itself. (3) The essence of all that is transmissible from its beginning, ranging from its substantive duration to its testimony to the history which it has experienced.

7. »Aura »§The term "aura": that which withers in the age of mechanical reproduction is the aura of the work of art. » Reasons: (1) The technique of reproduction detaches the reproduced object from the domain of tradition. » (2) By making many reproductions it substitutes a plurality of copies for a unique existence. »§Connected with the contemporary mass movements, the most powerful agent is the film, the far reaching liquidation.

8. Ⅲ Aura §The mode of human sense perception changes with humanity's entire mode of existence. E.g. the late Roman art industry and the Vienna Genesis?? So, show the social transformations expressed by these changes of perception. §The concept of "aura" The aura of the natural ones: the unique phenomenon of a distance, however close it may be. §The desire of contemporary masses Bring things "closer" spatially and humanly, Overcome the uniqueness of reality by accepting its reproduction. §Extracts the aura »A--Original: Uniqueness and permanence »B--Reproduction: Transitoriness and reproducibility »B extracts the aura even from A (unique object) by means of reproduction.

9. IV CULT (1) Uniqueness--- tradition The uniqueness of a work of art is inseparable from its being imbedded in the fabric of tradition. (2) Art---cult Art in tradition found its expression in the cult. first the magical, then the religious kind. (3) Authentic---ritual The unique value of the 'authentic' work of art has its basis in ritual, the location of its original use value. l'art pour l'art (4) From ritual to politics »mechanical reproduction emancipates the work of art from its parasitical dependence on ritual. »The criterion of authenticity ceases to be applicable to artistic production; the total function of art is reversed. »Instead of being based on ritual, it begins to be based on another practice - politics.

10. V the cult value & the exhibition value » （ 1 ） Two polar types, the cult value; the exhibition value »Works of art are received and valued on different planes. Two polar types stand out; with one, the accent is on the cult value; with the other, on the exhibition value of the work. »E.G., Elk, an instrument of magic Madonnas remain covered Sculptures on medieval cathedrals are invisible to the spectator on ground level.

11. »§The exhibition increased （ 2 ） Art flee from the ritual »With the emancipation of the various art practices from ritual go increasing opportunities for the exhibition of their products. （ 3 ） Technical reproduction »With the different methods of technical reproduction of a work of art, its fitness for exhibition increased.

12. VI the cult value & the exhibition value »(1) Photography In photography, exhibition value begins to displace cult value all along the line. »(2) Aura &Human face The aura emanates from the early photographs in the fleeting expression of a human face. »(3) Men withdraw, Aura was lost, and the exhibition value is superior. As man withdraws from the photographic image, the exhibition value for the first time shows its superiority to the ritual value.

13. X Film »(1) Responds to the shriveling of the aura The cult of the movie star »(2) Man can be the actor. The newsreel offers everyone the opportunity to rise from passer-by to movie extra. e.g. Russian films, people who portray themselves Literature »The reader gains access to authorship. »Literary license is now founded on polytechnic rather than specialized training and thus becomes common property.

14. XI XII The reaction of the masses toward art »Magician and surgeon compare to painter and cameraman » The appeal of art works to the masses »The social significance of an art. »The distinction between criticism and enjoyment. »The conventional is uncritically enjoyed, and the truly new is criticized with aversion.

15. XIII Film »(1) Film & Freudian theory »For the entire spectrum of optical, and now also acoustical, perception the film has brought about a similar deepening of apperception. »Behavior items shown in a movie can be analyzed much more precisely and from more points of view than those presented on paintings or on the stage. »(2) Artistic and scientific uses of photography »(3) An unconscious space »An unconsciously penetrated space is substituted for a space consciously. »The camera introduces us to unconscious optics as does psychoanalysis to unconscious impulses.

16. XIV Shock effect One of the foremost tasks of art has always been the creation of a demand which could be fully satisfied only later. One requirement was foremost: to outrage the public. The sales value of their work than to its usefulness for contemplative immersion. A relentless destruction of the aura Hit the spectator like a bullet The film has taken the physical shock effect.

17. XV The mode of participation »The greatly increased mass of participants has produced a change in the mode of participation. »the same ancient lament----that the masses seek distraction whereas art demands concentration from the spectator. That is a commonplace. »Distraction vs. concentration »the Chinese painter: A man who concentrates before a work of art is absorbed by it.

18. »Buildings: the distracted mass absorbs the work of art. Buildings are appropriated in a twofold manner: by use and by perception, by touch and sight. »the human apparatus of perception cannot be solved by optical means, that is, by contemplation, alone. under the guidance of tactile appropriation. (3) Film changes the cult value. »The film makes the cult value recede into the background. »The public is an examiner, but an absent-minded one.

19. »Michel Foucault. »Discipline & Punish (1975) »III. DISCIPLINE »3. Panopticism, »From Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison (NY: Vintage Books 1995) pp. 195-228 translated from the French by Alan Sheridan © 1977