1. Communist Manifesto Communist Manifesto “ A spectre is haunting Europe.......” all prior history - “ the history of class struggles’ ancient, medieval, modern reveal class struggle struggle now focused on two antagonistic classes - bourgeoisie and proletarians bourgeoisie - product of revolutions in commerce, industry, global expansion of markets

5. Bourgeoisie Bourgeoisie Bourgeoisie has destroyed all earlier feudal relations - only cash nexus remains; brutal exploitation family, religion, law - all reflect exchange values constant change in modes of production characteristic of bourgeois era world market created - globalization today? remake world in bourgeois image

6. Bourgeoisie and Property concentration of property, means of production in hands of bourgeoisie new productive forces unleashed by Industrial Revolution undermined feudal political economy excess in production, threat to bourgeoisie - solution: destroy productive forces; new markets development of bourgeois dominated world gives rise to proletarians

10. Proletarians Proletarians laborers who sell themselves piece-meal - a commodity; an appendage of the machine increasing exploitation of proletarian - diminishing wages; ever more miserable conditions lower middle class sucked down into proletariat struggle begins against bourgeoisie - trade unions are formed

12. Proletarians - New Class Proletarians - New Class proletarian legislative gains; enlightened elements of bourgeoisie join proletariat in their struggle proletariat now defined as a truly revolutionary class proletarian has been stripped of property, family, nationality. Law, morality, religion appear simply as bourgeois prejudices proletarians now represent vast majority - revolution inevitable; bourgeoisie overthrown

13. Proletarians and Communists bourgeoisie produce their own grave- diggers communists represent the international proletariat communists most advanced segment of the working class; their aim: seize political power communists desire to abolish bourgeois property capital is a collective product and must become a social power

14. Communism and Society communism abolishes the system where labor exists simply to increase capital - now labor widens and enriches the existence of laborer human person regains his/her sense of individuality - end to alienation labor no longer subjugated to capital bourgeois notions of law, culture, marriage, family, education, replaced by new communist mode of social relations

16. Communism and Nationality “The working men have no country” hostility between nations will cease as a consequence of proletarian victory man’s consciousness changes with every change in the conditions of his material existence ideology reflects the dominance of the ruling class communism abolishes all “eternal truths” - radical rupture with traditional ideas

17. New Communist World New Communist World all instruments of production centralized in State property, banks, land, transportation, factories, education - free for all working class abolishes its own supremacy as a class state will wither away

18. Reactionary Socialism Reactionary Socialism feudal socialism and petty bourgeois socialism rejected by Marx and Engels bourgeois socialism - reformist. Socialism without revolution. “a bourgeoisie without a proletariat” Marx also rejects utopian socialism as represented by Saint-Simon, Fourier, and Owen - yet, critical elements shape consciousness of working class communists form alliances with progressive groups. Germany - bourgeois then proletarian revolution