1. Synthesis of Biodiesel Using Acid, Base, and Enzyme Catalysts James Krach

2. Need http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/t humb/c/cb/Global_Carbon_Emission_by_Type_to_ Y2004.png/250px- Global_Carbon_Emission_by_Type_to_Y2004.png

3. Sources of Biodiesel Lipids Biodiesel from Microalgae - Chisti 2007

4. Oil Yields of Various Microalgae Biodiesel from Microalgae - Chisti 2007

5. Transesterification http://share.psu.ac.th/file/waraporn.ra/transesterification.jpg

6. Base Catalysis/Saponification http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/30/SaponificationGeneral.svg

7. Solid acid catalyzed biodiesel production by simultaneous esterification and transesterification Screening of supported TPA for biodiesel production from canola oil. Reaction conditions: reaction temperature 200 °C, molar ratio of oil to alcohol 1 : 6, stirring speed 600 rpm, catalyst loading 3% w/w. Kulkarni et. Al 2006

8. Enzymatic production of biodiesel from cotton seed oil using t-butanol as a solvent Fig. 1. Effect of t-butanol on oil conversion during the enzymatic methanolysis of cotton seed oil, using a discontinuous system with a 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio. Reactions were performed at 50 °C with 18 g of oil and 300mg enzyme; vol% of t-butanol in the mixture: 32.5% (□), 26.5% (◊), 19% (○), 11% (∆), 0% (*). Royon et. Al 2006

9. Cultured High Oil Yield Algae Centrifuged to Remove Water Used for the Base CatalystUsed for the Acid Catalyst Used for the Enzyme Catalyst Base catalyst will be added as a solid until dissolved Acid synthesized from hydrated zirconia and 12- TPA Enzyme added from Novozymes Methanol, Algae samples, and catalyst for each group are put into a beaker for the reaction to occur Reaction will take place in an oven at 60 º C for 10 hours Reaction will take place on a hot plate at 60 º C for 10 hours Reaction will take place at 60 º C on a hot plate for 10 hours Amount of biodiesel produced will be measured and the amount of energy it produces will be collected through combustion Synthesis of Biodiesel Using Acid, Base, and Enzyme Catalysts

10. Do-Ability Enzyme from Novozymes Sodium Hydroxide 12-TPA and Hydrated Zirconia Centrifuge for algae extraction Algae cultures Hot Plate Oven

11. Hypotheses 1(a) Biodiesel produced by the base will be significantly more effective than the other catalysts 2(a) Biodiesel produced by the acid will be significantly more effective than the other catalysts 3(a) Biodiesel produced by the enzyme will be significantly more effective than the other catalysts

12. Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effectiveness of acid, base, and enzyme catalysts when the oil is produced from the same algal culture

13. Budget

14. Works Cited "Biofuel Development Shifting From Soil to Sea, Specifically to Marine Algae." ScienceDaily 4 Jan. 2009.. Chisti, Yusuf. "Biodiesel from Microalgae." Elsevier 25 (2007): 294-306. ScienceDirect. 13 Feb. 2007.. Cox, Peter, Richard Betts, Chris Jones, Steven Spall, and Ian Totterdell. "Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model." Nature 408 (2000): 184-87. 9 Nov. 2000. Fan, S., M. Gloor, J. Mahlman, S. Pacala, J. Sarmiento, T. Takahashi, and T. Tans. "A Large Terrestrial Carbon Sink in North America Implied by Atmospheric and Oceanic Carbon Dioxide Data and Models." ScienceMag 5355th ser. 282 (1998): 442-46. 16 Oct. 1998. Princeton University. "First Economical Process for Making Biodiesel Fuel from Algae." ScienceDaily 31 Mar. 2009.. Hossain, Sharif, Aishah Salleh, Amru N. Boyce, Partha Chowdhury, and Mohd Naqiuddin. "Biodiesel Fuel Production from Algae as Renewable Energy." American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 4 (2008): 250-54. University of Malaya. Hu, Qiang, Milton Sommerfeld, Eric Jarvis, Maria Ghirardi, Matthew Posewitz, Michael Seibert, and Al Darzins. "Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances." The Plant Journal 54 (2008): 621-39. 20 Feb. 2008. Arizona State University. Kulkarni, Mangesh, Rajesh Gopinath, Lekha Meher, and Ajay Dalai. "Solid acid catalyzed biodiesel production by simultaneous esterification and transesterification." Green Chemistry 8 (2006): 1056-062. 15 Sept. 2006. Lotero, Edgar, Yijun Liu, Dora Lopez, Kaewta Suwannakarn, David Bruce, and James Goodwin Jr. "Synthesis of Biodiesel via Acid Catalysis." American Chemical Society (2004). 6 Nov. 2004. Department of Chemical Engineering, Clemenson University. Markovic, Jelena P., and Slobodan K. Milonjic. "Synthesis of zirconia colloidal dispersions by forced hydrolysis." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 71 (2006): 613-19. 28 July 2006. "Promising Biofuel Made From Commercial Yeasts Upgraded With a New Enzyme." ScienceDaily 9 Mar. 2009.. Royon, D., M. Daz, G. Ellenrieder, and S. Locatelli. "Enzymatic production of biodiesel from cotton seed oil using t-butanol as a solvent." Elsiver 98 (2007): 648-53. 21 Apr. 2007. National University of Salta, Buenos Aires. Schenk, Peer, Skye Thomas-Hall, Evan Stephens, Ute Marx, Jan Mussgnug, Clemens Posten, Olaf Kruse, and Ben Hankamer. "Second Generation Biofuels: High-Efficiency Microalgae for Bioodiesel Production." Bioenergy Research (2008): 20-43. Springer. 4 Mar. 2008. "Two-step Chemical Process Turns Raw Biomass Into Biofuel." ScienceDaily 20 Feb. 2009.. "Using Malgae to Convert Sunlight Into Biofuel." ScienceDaily 9 Oct. 2008.. Vasedevan, Palligarnai, and Michael Briggs. "Biodiesel production -- current and state of the art and challenges." Industrial Micrbiology and Biotechnology (2008): 123-36. 3 Jan. 2008. University of New Hampshire.