1. A Common Web Language Hiroshi Uchida ISeC (Institute of Semantic Computing)

2. Semantic Computing, CDL and UNL Computer think CDL:=Concept Description Language met agt person think Natural Language met agt UNL CDL.nl R+AUW [+core_on tology] Common Web Language OWL RDF/XML icl

3. UNL a language for computers Artificial language (Semantic Network with Hyper Node) A node represents a concept An arc represents a relation A node can be annotated by attributes Consists of; Universal Words: vocabulary Relations, Attributes:syntax Knowledge Base:semantics

4. Long ago, in the city of Babylon, the people begun to build a huge tower, which seemed about to reach the heavens. buildbegun tower long agopeople seemedreach heaven huge tim agt agt aoj plc obj obj gol obj obj Babylon city mod obj

5. Long ago, in the city of Babylon, the people begun to build a huge tower, which seemed about to reach the heavens. {unl} tim(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,long ago(icl>ago)) mod(city(icl>region).@def,Babylon(icl>city)) plc(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,city(icl>region).@def) agt(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,people(icl>person).@def) obj(begin(agt>thing,obj>thing).@entry.@past,build(agt>thing,obj>thing) @past) agt(build(agt>thing,obj>thing),people(icl>person).@def) obj(build(agt>thing,obj>thing)),tower(icl>building)) aoj(huge(icl>big),tower(icl>building)) aoj(seem(aoj>thing).@past,tower(icl>building)) obj(seem(aoj>thing).@past,reach(icl>come).@begin.@soon) obj(reach(icl>come).@begin.@soon,tower(icl>building)) gol(reach(icl>come).@begin.@soon,heaven(icl>region).@def.@pl) {/unl}

6. History of UNL Started in 1996, as an initiative of the UNU/IAS in Japan R&D UNU/IAS and other 19 research institutes Development on 18 languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Greek, German, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latvian, Mongol, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Thai, Swahili Transfer to the UNDL Foundation in 2001

7. Relation Constitutes syntax of the UNL Expresses objectivity together with UWs Expresses how concepts(UW) constitutes a sentence related each other 38 relations agt and aoj bas cag cao cnt cob con coo dur fmt frm ins man met mod nam obj or per plc plf plt pof pos ptn pur qua rsn scn seq src tim tmf tmt to via

8. Relation agtagent a thing in focus that initiates an action and conjunction a partner to have conjunctive relation aojthing with attribute a thing that is in a state or has an attribute basbasis a thing used as the basis (standard) of comparison benbeneficiary an indirectly related beneficiary or victim of an event or state cagco-agent a thing not in focus that initiates an implicit event that is done in parallel caoco-thing with attribute a thing not in focus that is in a parallel state

9. Relation cntcontent the content of a concept iclincluded/a kind of an upper concept or a more general concept Insinstrument a instrument to carry out an event Intintersection a partner to take an intersection Iofan instance of a class concept that an instance belongs to manmanner a way to carry out an event or characteristics of a state metmethod means to carry out an event modmodification a thing that restricts a focused thing namname a name of a thing

10. Relation objaffected thing a thing in focus that is directly effected by an event or state oplaffected place a place in focus affected by an event ordisjunction a partner to have disjunctive relation perproportion, rate of distribution a basis or unit of proportion, rate of distribution plcplace the place where an event occurs, or a state is true, or a thing exists plfinitial place the place where an event begins or a state becomes true pltfinal place the place where an event ends or a state becomes false pofpart-of a concept of which a focused thing is a part

11. Relation pospossessor a possessor of a thing ptnpartner an indispensable non-focused initiator of an action purpurpose or objective the purpose or objective of an agent of an event or the purpose of a thing which exists quaquantity quantity of a thing or unit rsnreason a reason why an event or a state happens scnscene a scene where an event occurs, or state is true, or a thing exists seqsequence a prior event or state of a focused event or state Srcsource/initial state the initial state of an object or thing initially associated with the object of an event

12. Relation timTime the time an event occurs or a state is true tmfinitial time the time an event starts or a state becomes true tmtfinal time the time an event ends or a state becomes false todestination a final state of a thing or a final thing (destination) associated with the focused thing viaintermediate place or state an intermediate place or state of an event

13. Attributes Mainly describe subjectivity Attributes group: Describing logic characters / properties of concepts Times with respect to the speaker Speaker’s view on aspects of event Speaker’s view of reference to concepts Speaker’s view of emphasis, focus and topic Speaker’s attitudes Speaker’s feelings and judgments

14. Attribute Time with respect to speaker @past @present @future Speaker’s view of aspect @begin-soon @begin-just @progress @end-soon @end-just @complete @state @repeat Speaker’s view of reference @generic @def @indef @not @ordinal Speaker’s focus @emphasis @entry @qfocus @theme @title @topic Speaker’s attitude @affirmative @confirmation @exclamation @imperative @interrogative @invitation @politeness @respect @vocative

15. Attribute Speaker’s viewpoint @ability, @ability-past, @admire, @although, @ask-back, @conclusion, @custom, ＠ doubt, @expectation, @grant, @grant-not, @induce, @inevitability, @insistence, @intention, @may, @obligation, @obligation-not, @possibility, @probability, @regret, @request, @should, @unexpected-presumption, @unexpected-consequence, @will Convention @angle_bracket, @double_parenthesis, @double_quotation, @parenthesis, @pl, @single_quotation, @square_bracket

16. Attribute for Describing Logicality @transitiveattached to an UW that has transitivity @symmetricattached to an UW that has symmetricity @identifiableattached to an UW that can identify the subject @disjointedattached to an UW or a group of UWs to show that all element concept do not hold common instance. All connected UWs do not share instances.

17. Attribute for Times Respect to Writer @pasthappened in the past @presenthappening at present @futurewill happen in future

18. Attribute for Writer’s View on Aspect of Event @beginbeginning of an event or a state @completefinishing/completion of a (whole) event @continuecontinuation of an event @customcustomary or repetitious action @endend/termination of an event or a state @experienceexperience @progressan event is in progress @repeatrepetition of an event @statefinal state or the existence of the object on which an action has been taken

19. Attribute for modifying Attribute on Aspect @justexpresses an event or a state that has just begun or ended/completed @soonexpresses an event or a state that is about to begin or end/completed @yetexpresses an event or a state that has not yet started or ended/completed, together with @not

20. Attribute for Writer’s View of Reference on Concept @genericgeneric concept @defalready referred @indefnon-specific class @notcomplement set @ordinalordinal number

21. Attribute for View of Emphasis, Focus, and Topic @contrastcontrasted UW @emphasisemphasized UW @entryentry or main UW of a sentence or a scope @qfocusfocused UW of a question @themeinstantiates an object from a different class @titletitle @topictopic

22. Attribute for Writer’s Attitude @affirmativeaffirmation @confirmationconfirmation @exclamationexclamation @humilityin a humility manner @imperativeimperative @interrogativeinterrogation @invitationinducement @politepolite way @requestrequest @respectrespectful way @vocativevocative

23. Attribute for Writer’s Felling and Judgment @abilityability, capability of doing something @get-benefitspeaker’s feeling of receiving benefits through the fact or result of something (to be) done by somebody else @give-benefitspeaker’s feeling of giving benefits by doing something for somebody else @conclusionlogical conclusion due to a certain condition @consequencelogical consequence @sufficientsufficient condition @consentconsent feeling of the speaker about something @dissentdissent feeling of the speaker about something @grantto give/get consent/permission to do something @grant-notnot to give consent to do something

24. Attribute for Writer’s Felling and Judgment @althoughsomething follows against [contrary to] or beyond expectation @discontenteddiscontented feeling of the speaker about something @expectationexpectation of something @wishwishful feeling, to wish something is true or has happened @insistencestrong determination to do something @intentionintention about something or to do something @wantdesire to do something @willdetermination to do something @neednecessity to do something @obligationobligation to do something according to (quasi-) law, contract, or … @obligation-notobligation not to do something, forbid to do something according to (quasi-) law, contract or …

25. Attribute for Writer’s Felling and Judgment @shouldto do something as a matter of course @unavoidableunavoidable feeling of the speaker about doing something @certaincertainty that something is true or happens @inevitablelogical inevitability that something is true or happens @maypractical possibility that something is true or happens @possiblelogical possibility that something is true or happens @probable(practical) probability that something is true or happens @rarerare logical possibility that something is true or happens @unrealunreality that something is true or happens

26. Attribute for Writer’s Felling and Judgment @admireadmiring feeling of the speaker about something @blameblameful feeling of the speaker about something @contemptcontemptuous feeling of the speaker about something @regretRegretful feeling of the speaker about something @surprisedsurprised feeling of the speaker about something @troublesometroublesome feeling of the speaker about the occurrence of something

27. Attribute for Convention @passivepassive form @plmore than one @angle_bracket are used @brace{ } are used @double_parenthesis(( )) are used @double_quote“ ” are used @parenthesis( ) are used @single_quote‘ ’ are used @square_bracket[ ] are used

28. Universal Word ::= [ ] ::= … ::= “ ( “ [ “, ” ] … “ ) ” ::= { “ > ” | “ [ ] | { “ > ” | “ [ ] [ { “ > ” | “ [ ] ] … ::= “ agt ” | and ” | “ aoj ” | “ obj ” | “ icl ” |...

29. Types of UW Basic UW Restricted UW Extra UW (Imported UW) Temporary UW

30. A kind of UW Basic UW Express set of every concept an English word(/phase/clause) can express ex) spring Restricted UW Restrict a concept by constraint ex) spring(icl>tool) spring(icl>season) spring(agt>person,obj>person)

31. Basic Category of UW UWs should belong to the following categories Nominal Concept Verbal Concept Adjective Concept Adverbial Concept

32. UW Nominal Concept swallow(icl>thing) Verbal Concept change(agt>thing)I changed my mind. change(obj>thing)The weather will change. remember(agt>thing)I cannot remember his name. remember(aoj>thing)Do you remember me?

33. UW Adjective Concept positive(aoj>thing)Are you positive about that? a positive fact only(mod<thing)the only person Adverbial Concept weekly(icl>how)This class is held weekly. only(icl>how)The child only cried.

34. If the ambiguity of an UW still remains, upper category labels of UW system(hierarchy) or case relations will be used. Restrict using upper category swallow(icl>bird) the bird “One swallow does not make a summer” swallow(icl>action)the action of swallowing “at one swallow” swallow(icl>quantity)the quantity “take a swallow of water” UW

35. Restrict using case relations spring(agt>thing,obj>wood)bending something spring(agt>thing,obj>mine))blasting something spring(agt>thing,obj>person,escaping (from) prison src>prison)) spring(agt>thing,gol>place)jumping up “to spring up” spring(agt>thing,gol>thing)jumping on “to spring on” spring(obj>liquid)gushing out “to spring out” UW

36. UNLKB Define the concept of UW Concepts are defined by describing the set of possible relations. Provide linguistic knowledge of Concepts Format: relation(UW1, UW2)=cc=0, 0<c<256

37. UW System (Ontrogy) All Uws arelinked with each other through “icl” (subclass) “iof” (element / instance) “equ” Property inheritance Replacement by super-class concept

38. Knowledge Linguistic knowledge semantic information of words for understanding sentences of natural languages semantic background of natural language sentences Definitions of concepts knowledge of concepts in connection with other concepts knowledge for reasoning Others every kind of knowledge such as encyclopedia knowledge for reasoning and providing information on concepts

39. (1) Linguistic knowledge (3) Knowledge on concepts provided by natural language sentences, for example, encyclopaedia, etc. (2) Definition of concepts Links between concepts and definition of the concepts that can specify the concepts Links between concepts and knowledge on the concepts UNL Expressions UNLKB

40. ＵＮＬ Documents of Encyclopedia {unl}... {/unl} {unl}... {/unl} {unl}... {/unl} {unl}... {/unl} {unl}... {/unl} {unl}... {/unl} UNL Documents of Definitions {unl}... {/unl} {unl}... {/unl} {unl}... {/unl} equ cnt UNLKB

41. uw adjective conceptadverbial conceptnominal conceptverbal concept uw(aoj>thing)uw(mod<thing)howthingbedooccur UNL Knowledge System artificial inteligence computer computer system realize learning inference recognition judgement human inteligence clarify inference usage theory rule based ＵＮ Ｌ matter unknown matter known some scientifically UNL Encyclopedia

42. UW Gate EXPLOREREXPLORER UNLUNL UNL Document Base UW Dictionary UNL Verifier EDITOREDITOR UNLUNL UNL KB UNL Proxy UNL Encyclopedia UNL Library UNL–based application Concept Definitions (UNL) UNL KCIC DeConverter EnConverter UNL-Language Dictionary DeCo Rules EnCo Rules Language Server

43. Annotation Editor Universal Parser UNL Verifier Grammatical Rules Word Dictionary Co- occurrence Dictionary UNL KB UW Dictionary EnConverter DeConverter Natural Language Texts UNL Document UNL Document Web Server HTML+XML Annotated Natural Language Texts Natural Language Texts UW Gate

45. CDL Model & Syntax Provide basic data structure common to all CDL.* Basic data structure “{“ “}” : Concept defined in the CDL “ ”: Concept which is imagined by the symbol. { Instance_Label Concept_Label Attribute_Value_Pair… : Concept… Arch… } Arch:= [node1 node2 node3]

46. CDL to CDL/RDF {#S s : {#A a: } {#B b: } {#C c: } [#A #B #C] }. a b c. #S s b ca #B b #C c#A a Compound Concept cdl:binrel d

47. Natural Language Representation in CDL.nl Ex.1 “I received a report that a computer was purchased yesterday.” {#A event: {#B event: [#13 tim #11] [#13 obj #12] } [#2 cnt #B] [#3 obj #2] [#3 rec #4] }

48. CDL.Nl Representation in RDF.

49. Further Information on CDL, UNL CDL:www.instsec.org/tr UNL:www.undl.org