1. Italy - The Rise of Fascism
Weaknesses of the Liberal State

3. Categories to structure your thinking
Long Term pre conditions (e.g. Italian political system)
Medium Term accelerators (e.g. WWI)
Short term deciders (e.g. The March on Rome)

4. Key Questions- Liberal Italy
Where does Fascism come from?
What was Italy like in the 19th Century?
What were the main weaknesses of unified Italy? (Political/ Economic/ Religious / Social)
Who opposed Liberal Italy?

5. Where does Fascism come from?
Must have an understanding of the nature of Italy in the previous century.
The divide between ‘real’ and ‘legal’ Italy (ruled versus rulers)
Weaknesses of the Liberal state
Impact of WWI
Fascism was not inevitable but impossible without the above factors
We must remember that Italy was only a geographical entity- it didn’t exist as a country until the 1860s and 1870s. It was a collection of semi-autonomous kingdoms who were often invaded from outside.
There is also the fact that there was a massive divide between those who ruled and those who were ruled over- the peasantry felt that they had been left behind by the unification process, often at their expense and the phrase ‘we have made Italy, we must now make Italians’ was often heard in the first years of the new State
The Liberal State also had some inherent weaknesses, not least it being designed by a small elite, it was unrepresentative of the people of Italy.
The Liberal State also failed to tackle many of the problems of real italians
All of these made it possible that a more extreme political group would offer an alternative
Of course we must not underestimate the impact that WWI had upon Italy.
Fascism may not have appeared even with all these factors present, but without them it was impossible

6. Five Key Ideas- Long Term preconditions
Risorgimento
The Real / Legal Italy
Narrow Franchise
‘Transformismo / Clientelism’ politics- corruption in public life
North- South divide

8. Italy in the 19th Century
Had moved from a collection of states or Kingdoms with absolute rulers to a constitutional monarchy- a king with parliament
Unification process- the ‘risorgimento’ was dominated by the educated and the wealthy - elites who saw ‘Liberalism’ as a way of securing their own power- a large majority of Italians (the real Italy) do not identify with the new state.
Rural population nearing 60%
Price of unification was high taxation
Papal (Pope) hostility towards the new Liberal State (90% Catholic)
North/ South Divide- South overwhelmingly agricultural- soil worn out, badly run inefficient estates
Social unrest frequent- particularly in the South
Foreign Policy- Inferiority Complex (Battle of Adowa 1896)

9. Main Weaknesses of Liberal Italy
Gulf between ‘Real’ and ‘Legal’ Italy not bridged- failure by the government to tackle the deep rooted cause of social unrest in the South.
South feels it has been conquered rather than united to the rest of Italy - the use of the military against the ‘Great Brigandage’ contributes to this.
Constitution based on Piedmont- accusations of a ‘Piedmontization’ of the new Italy
Politically unrepresentative- the new constitution is based on a very narrow franchise- 2% of Italians have the vote
Tiny political class ruled Italy which prevents the development of a party system- different shades of Liberalism

10. Main Weaknesses of Liberal Italy (2)
Weakness of the political system- coalition governments formed politicians resort to ‘transformismo’ the bribing of opponents to get majorities. This was happening at a local level with ‘clientelism’- the winning of votes through the distribution of favours.
30 different Prime Ministers between
Parliament had little prestige
Highly centralised system of government - old prefectures -provincial governments were retained in order to maintain control- actually would be tailor made for the fascists to take control.

11. Social and Economic Problems
Italy economically underdeveloped
1880 Figures-
Under 10,000 km of railways
Emigration 1 million (mainly to USA)
Low yields in agriculture
90% of South has no roads
Average of 70% illiteracy rate
Few navigable rivers

12. Religion- The Roman Question
Pope extremely hostile to the new Liberal Italy- the papal states of central Italy had been incorporated into the unified nation. The Pope therefore lost all his ‘temporal’(political) power
Pope refused to recognise the new state of Italy- this continued until 1929
Also issued a decree (Non Expedit) saying that Catholics should take no part in the political life of Italy
This further reduced the already narrow franchise (number of people voting)
Clergy and laity were naturally suspicious of the new state and and its treatment of the Church- were more likely to be attracted to a more authoritarian settlement.

13. Opposition to Liberal Italy
The End of the Century Crisis
Development of an active, vocal working class
A) Italian Socialist Party (PSI)
B) Revolutionary Syndicalists
C) Social Catholicism
D) Nationalists
E) Futurists
Growth of a number of groups who are antagonistic towards Liberalism